7 - Pain And Abnormal Behaviour

Front 1

Define pain

Back 1

Unpleasant or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage

Front 2

What is the argument by analogy?

Back 2

Since subjective experiences are known only to those experiencing them, the only way we can infer their existence in any other being, human or non-human is by analogy

Front 3

What evidence is used for the argument by analogy?

Back 3

Neuroanatomy (analogous routes to sensations of pain)

Neuropharmacology (anesthetics have the same effect on people as they do on animals)

Behaviour (increase in certain behaviours associated with pain)

Front 4

How have various pain measured been validated across a number of species?

Back 4

Certain behaviours increase after a painful experience.

Example: sea lions present with a painful posture after marking such as the insertion of transmitters or branding

Certain behaviours increase due to pain.

Example: Cattle show defects in their gait in response to pain.

Front 5

Explain experiments used to demonstrate pain during castration for piglets

Back 5

Vocalizations were measured during castration. It was show that overall vocalizations did not increase, but calls >1000Hz were significantly more in pigs that were castrated versus control pigs that were simply handled

Front 6

What are some behaviours that are associated with pain after disbudding of calves?

Back 6

Head jerks

Leg movements

Ear flicks

Front 7

What are some newer forms of technology used to "scientifically" measure pain in animals?

Back 7

Cattle shoots that measure the amount of pressure being applied to the sides when the cow is struggling

Infrared thermography that measure physiologic changes by observing heat distribution throughout the body

Algometry

Front 8

What questions does the new framework for analyzing painful procedures aim to address?

Back 8

What are the aims of the procedure?

Does the procedure achieve its aims and what are the negative effects on the animal?

Can the procedure by modified to reduce pain and distress?

*KNOW THESE- he was pretty clear this will be on the exam

Front 9

What is the relationship between tail docking and dairy cow cleanliness?

Back 9

Arguments that tails are docked to keep the cows clean are not supported by evidence. Research showed no difference in the cleanliness of the udder or teats

*BUT efficiency of milking is improved

Front 10

What are some possible complications from tail docking in dairy cows?

Back 10

Can cause neuromas (larger mass of nervous structure)

Fly problems or rubbing if not cut properly

Social problems because they cannot communicate properly with their tail

Front 11

What are the benefits of immunocastration of pigs? Why do you think it is not widely used in the industry?

Back 11

Its implementation is quick. It does not need special equipment. The pain and discomfort of castration are eliminated. Elimination of sexual odour. Until the 2nd dose the animal behaves as an intact pig.

Concerns regarding human safety i.e. working injecting themselves, safe to be ingested?

Front 12

What is the major barrier to using anesthetics during painful processing procedures in cattle?

Back 12

Holding time! The pain pathways are understood, techniques are not difficult and inexpensive but it increases the amount of time each animal needs to be held in the shoot (5-10 minutes) which increases costs and possibly stress for the animal.

Front 13

Explain studies done on preference tests of food and water in lame broiler chickens

Back 13

Broiler chickens were provided with feed that contained the analgesic drug carprofen. Those that were lame self-selected the drugged feed more preferentially compared with those that were sound

Front 14

What were the results of studies comparing infrared searing of beaks in comparison to heated blades?

Back 14

Infrared trimmer resulted in decreased necrosis and inflammation of the beak.

Front 15

What are the criteria for abnormal behaviour?

Back 15

Unnatural

Unexpected

Non-functional

Front 16

What is maladaptive in comparison to a malfunctional sterotypy?

Back 16

Maladaptive = normal animal, abnormal environment

Malfunctional stereotypy = abnormal animal, abnormal environment

Front 17

Define environmental enrichment

Back 17

The provision of biologically relevant resources or structuring to the housing that facilitates or allows highly motivated natural behaviours, particularly to those that allow the animal to control its environment or homeostasis.

Front 18

Provide an example of self injurious behaviour

Back 18

Macaque self-biting; can be reduced with social housing (they are a social species)

Front 19

Define and give an example of redirect behaviour

Back 19

Normal behaviour that is being redirected to an inappropriate target often in environments that lack the normal target for the behaviour. Example: sheep in pen where they cannot graze may clip penates in a manner that resembles grazing

Front 20

What are vacuum activities? Provide an example

Back 20

Innate, fixed action patterns of behaviour that occur in the absences of any obvious stimulus or target.

Example: vacuum grazing in veal calves. Calves are fed a milk diet but display behaviour where they extend their tongue and curl it to the side in what appears to be the action that cattle use to grasp grass and pull it into their mouth

Front 21

What are displacement activities? Provide an example

Back 21

Displacement activities occur when an animal experiences high motivation for two or more conflicting behaviours: the resulting displacement activity is usually unrelated to the competing motivations.

Birds, for example, may peck at grass when uncertain whether to attack or flee from an opponent

Front 22

What are adjunctive behaviours? Provide an example

Back 22

Adjunctive behaviour occurs when an animal expresses an activity reliably accompanying some other response that has been produced by a stimulus,

For example, John Falk was studying hungry rats that had been trained to press a lever for a small food pellet. Once a rat had received a pellet, it was obliged to wait an average of one minute before another press of the lever would be rewarded. The rats developed the habit of drinking water during these intervals, but their consumption far exceeded what was expected. Many consumed three to four times their normal daily water intake