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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stimulus, Response, Reflex
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Stimulus- a stimulus is a change in the environment that is detected by a receptor and produces a response
Response-action taken when a stimulus is sensed Reflex- a rapid, unconscious response to a stimulus. designed to protect the body from harm. |
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the role of receptors
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sensory receptors- send action potentials towards the C.N.S
relay neurons- send action potentials within the C.N.S motor neurons-send action potentials away from C.N.S synapses- gaps between neurons that control the flow of action potentials. effectors- respond to action potentials from a motor neuron |
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reflexes in evolution
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animals with genetically programmed, appropriate reflexes will have a survival advantage over those without...NATURAL SELECTION
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diversity of stimuli
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light receptors(rods and cones)
chemoreceptors(smell/taste) thermoreceptors(skin-heat) mechanorecptors(touch/pressure) naked receptors(pain) |
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rods vs. cone cells
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rods- dim light, sensitive to all visible wavelengths, passage of impulses from a group of rod cells to a single nerve fibre in the optic nerve
cones-bright light, sensitive to red, blue and green light, passage from a single cone cell to a single nerve fibre |
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visual stimuli-edge enhancement
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edge enhancing- There are two types of ganglion cells. each is stimulated by light falling on an area called a receptive field. one is more stimulated if light falls on the edge of the area and not the middle, the other more stimulated if light falls on the middle and not the edge. Both stimulated if there is an edge, or light/dark boundary
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contralateral processing
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due to the optic chiasma, where the right brain processes information from the left visual field and vice versa.
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hearing
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sound is comprised of longitudinal vibrations. the pinna collects these waves and channels them down the auditory canal to the eardrum, which vibrates in sympathy. Spanning the air-filled middle-ear connected to the typanum on one side and oval window of the cochlea on the other, are three bones, the hammer, anvil, stirru. They are connected to magnify the vibrations of the ear drum.
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the cochlea
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the oval window is vibrated by the stirrup. These vibrations are transmitted through the fluid filled cochlea. there are hair cells between the membranes. vibrations move these hair cells-this is the stimulus to send action potentials to the auditory centre of the brain.
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innate and learned behaviour
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innate behaviour-develops independently of the environmental context
learned behaviour-develops as a result of experience. |
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investigating innate behaviour
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migration
grooming communication courtship mate selection chemotaxis phototaxis kinesis |
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Pavlovs dogs
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dogs who were presented with meat powder started to salivate when seeing a handler or hearing the bell
the meat powder is considered an unconditioned stimulus and the dogs salivation is the unconditioned response. the bell is a neutral stimulus until the dog learns to associate the bell with food. Then the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus which produces the conditional response of salivation |
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synapses
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some presynaptic neurons excite post synaptic transmission and other inhibit postsynaptic transmission
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