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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is maladaptive? |
The animal is normal but the environment is not. |
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What is a malfunctional stereotypy? |
Abnormal animal in an abnormal environment - animal is "not all there" - things like environmental enrichment have little effect |
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What are the abnormal behaviour criteria? |
1) Unnatural 2) Unexpected 3) Non-functional 4) Infrequent 5) Distress |
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What is the "un natural" abnormal behaviour criteria |
Seen only in captivity (ie stereotypies) |
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What is the "unexpected" abnormal behaviour criteria? |
if seen in the wild as well as captivity - inappropriate circumstances (eg mice and infanticide) - performed excessively (eg parrots screeching) |
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What is the "non-functional" criteria of abnormal behaviour? |
- self injury (self biting in primates)-affect social interactions- affect growth or reproduction (stereotypies in mink) |
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What is the "infrequent" criteria of abnormal behaviour? |
subset of individuals |
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What is the "distress" criteria of abnormal behaviour? |
there is distress in the animal or its companions |
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How can we use environmental enrichment to address abnormal behaviours? |
Providing biologically relevant resources or structuring to housing that allows highly motivated natural behaviours -particularly those allowing animal to control its environment or homeostasis - less effective for malfunctional behaviours |
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Name a few types of abnormal behaviour. |
- Self injury - Redirect behaviour - Displacement activities - Abnormal levels of behaviour - Abnormal repetitive behaviours |
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What are self injury behaviours? Describe an example |
Behaviours causing harm to ones self - increased mortality Example- self biting in primates - Cased by moving to a new cage, fear or solitary housing of social species - Environmental enrichment has no effect EXCEPT social housing - But social housing has to be careful- need to match or Macaques will hurt each other |
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What is a redirect behaviour? Provide an example. |
The actual movement pattern is a part of normal behaviour - Wool pulling- if they cant graze they pull on each other's wool. - Tail biting- piglets will root on each other if they can't root on a teat |
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What is a displacement activity? Provide an example. |
Behaviour displaced from one behavioural system to another. - example: chicken blocked from eating will pace and preen (frustration) |
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What is an adjunctive behaviour? Provide an example. |
A behaviour that occurs as an adjunct to another activity the animal is strongly motivated to perform - example. Rats would wait 1 minute between conditioned reward and would drink water (consumed 3-4x more water than normal) |
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What is abnormal levels of behaviours? Provide an example. |
Increase in the amount or intensity of a behaviour. -example: baboons in the london zoo - accidental intro of 6 females in 100. Males killed each other. Eventually pecking order sorted. Introducted 30 more females.. Male fighting and female mauling. (natural in nature but over the top here because can't escape and unnatural gender ratios) |
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What are abnormal repetitive behaviours? Provide an example. |
Stereotypies. Repetitive, invariant, no obvious goal or function. Example. Weaving , pacing, bar chewing, |
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What are consumatory behaviours and appetitive behaviours? |
Consumatory- behavrious associated with consuming a resource Appetitive- related to gaining access - example. Calves- give them buckets of milk and you satisfy consumatory but they still cant suckle so they haven't addressed appetitive. |
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Are stereotypies frustrated behaviours? |
No, because we should see them in wild caught animals place in captivity. Instead, raised in a natural environment protects against later stereotypy. - captive born animals perform more stereotypies. - If offspring are raised in labs away from parents (who did not show stereotypy) the offspring can still show stereotypy. |
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What are the 3 developmental changes that occur during development of a stereotypy? |
1) ritualization 2) emancipation 3) establishment |
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What is the ritualization stage of development of a stereotypy? |
When the animal starts performing the behaviour each time the behaviour is performed it is less variable/more specific - example- cribbing they put their teeth in the same place every time |
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What is the emancipation stage of development of a stereotypy? |
The behaviour becomes more affected by a wider range of eliciting stimuli |
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What is the establishment stage of a development of a stereotypy? |
the behaviour becomes immune to environmental enrichment - example. Voles (2mo, 6 mo, 14 mo) in barren cages. Moved to enriched. 6 and 14 mo showed stereotypies but 2mo didnt. Wild caught parents didnt develop stereotypies but their pups did. Therefore voles have sensitive period for stereotypy development |
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How are phylogeny and stereotypies connected? |
Different species show different stereotypies - carnivores pace before feeding -primates rock Different breeds show different stereotypies - australian cattle dogs tail chase, dobermans flank suck |
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What are some arguments for linking stereotypies to bad welfare? |
1) drugs 2) HPA 3) Affective states 4) Basic Brain pathology |
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Explain drugs in relation to stereotypies being bad welfare |
Amphetamines causing mental disturbance in humans can cause stereotypies in animals - guinea pigs show repeated head tossing and wire bite |
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Explain the HPA axis in releation to stereotypies being bad welfare |
Leopards with high corticosteroid levels performed more stereotyped pacing and more likely to self harm. |
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Explain affective states in relation to stereotypies being bad welfare |
Bar biting by sows in gestation stalls (frustration, escape behaviour, boredom) changed with feeding levels (linked to hunger) |
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Explain basic brain pathology in relation to stereotypies being bad welfare |
Malfunction of basal ganglia. Linked to body movements. - Humans with basal ganglia malfunction will persist performing behaviour previously learned even when reward is removed - high stereotyping voles do the same (244 times to stop vs 26 in low stereotypies) - implies possible link with basal ganglia in voles |
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What are the arguments against stereotypy being related to bad welfare? |
1) Functionless behaviours can become functional (coping) 2) Hypothesized to be "do it yourself" enrichment, self calming, habits or preservation behaviours 3) Preventing the behaviour could decrease welfare |
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Explain the coping hypothesis in relation to stereotypy and bad welfare. |
The functionless behaviour can become functional - example. Tongue rolling in calves leads to a decrease in ulcers - Cribbing in horses- response to unhealthy acidity in stomach (if you give antacids cribbing decreases) |
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How can preventing behaviour possibly decrease welfare? Example. |
Preventing them from coping. ex. horses will work just as hard for an opportunity to crib as they will for sweetened grain. |