Learning And Behaviour

Front 1

Attentional Priming?

Back 1

Recent exposure to S (or associated cues) can reduce the time taken to detect S when it is presented with distractors.

Front 2

Autoshaping

Back 2

A form of sign tracking where a key-light paired with food elicits pecking in pigeon.

Front 3

Avoidance

Back 3

In operant conditioning, performing a behaviour which prevents a negative stimulus from occurring. Involves negative reinforcement.

Front 4

Backward blocking

Back 4

Where no conditioning occurs due to a CS A, where it is paired with CS B and then later CS B is associated with US.

Front 5

Backward conditioning

Back 5

CS is presented after US. Can lead to no conditioning, condition excitation or inhibition depending on timing.

Front 6

(Forward) Blocking

Back 6

Where no conditioning occurs due to a CS a when combined with a previously conditioned CS B.

Front 7

Chained Schedule

Back 7

A set of two or more reinforcement schedules each signalled by its own discriminative stimulus. that must be completed in sequence before the primary reinforcer occurs.

Front 8

Clark Hull

Back 8

Drive and Habit

Front 9

Classical Conditioning

Back 9

Initially neutral CS is paired with US. Results in CS leading to CR.

Front 10

Compound Schedule

Back 10

A procedure in which two or more schedule operate such as "multiple schedules" or a "chained schedule".

Front 11

Compound (Stimulus)

Back 11

Presentation of 2 or more CS at about the same time. Eg. "simultaneous" or "sequence".

Front 12

Concurrent schedule

Back 12

Organism can choose between two operant behaviours each of which pays-off according to its own schedule of reinforcement.

Front 13

Conditional discrimination

Back 13

A discrimination in which two S are presented, and the correct S determined based on which of the two S is present is was presented recently.

Front 14

Conditional Response (CR)

Back 14

Response elicited by CS after classical conditioning has taken place. The response depends upon the conditioning experience.

Front 15

Conditional Stimulus (CS)

Back 15

An initially neutral S which begins to elicit a CR after it has been paired with a US.

Front 16

Conditioned compensatory response

Back 16

A CR that opposes the UR. It functions to reduce the strength of the UR, as in drug tolerance.

Front 17

Conditioned suppression (or Conditioned emotional response)

Back 17

CS is paired with mild electric shock. CS comes to suppress an ongoing behaviour such as lever pressing fo food.

Front 18

Conditioned inhibition

Back 18

Inhibition learned through classical conditioning. Also, where CS A is paired with US, except when presented with CS B. B acquires inhibition.

Front 19

Conditioned inhibitor (CS-)

Back 19

A CS that suppresses or reduces the size of the CR that would otherwise be elicited by a second CS.

Front 20

Conditioned reflex.

Back 20

Alias for CR

Front 21

Conditioned reinforcer (secondary reinforcer)

Back 21

An S that has acquired its ability to act as a reinforcer due to its association with a primary reinforcer.

Front 22

Contiguity theory

Back 22

Guthrie's idea that learning depends on S and R occurring together in time rather than through a process of reinforcement.

Front 23

Contingency

Back 23

The "if-then" relationship between two events.

Front 24

Continuous reinforcement schedule.

Back 24

Reinforcer is deliver after every response.

Front 25

Delay conditioning

Back 25

Classical conditional procedure where the CS starts on its own, terminates, followed by the US.

Front 26

Differential inhibition (discriminative inhibition)

Back 26

CS A is paired with US on some trials, and with CS B (but without US) on other trials. CS B may acquire inhibition.

Front 27

Discriminative stimulus

Back 27

In operant conditioning, an S that signals whether or not the response will be reinforced.

Front 28

Drive.

Back 28

Theoretical construct. Motivation arising from biological needs, such as need for food or water.

Front 29

Thorndike.

Back 29

Cats getting out of boxes. Instrumental conditioning.

Front 30

Exaptation

Back 30

A trait with adaptive value, but was not originally selected for current function.

Front 31

Excitation

Back 31

The potential of the CS to signal a US or elicit a CR.

Front 32

Excitor (CS+)

Back 32

A CS that is associated with a US and has the potential to elicit a CR.

Front 33

External inhibition.

Back 33

Weakening of CR elicited by CS when a neutral S is added.Thought to occur because the organism does not generalize between CS alone vs with other S.

Front 34

Extinction

Back 34

Reduction in strength or probability of learned behaviour that occurs when the CS is presented without the US, or when the behaviour is no longer reinforced.

Front 35

Fixed action pattern

Back 35

An innate sequence of behaviour that is triggered by a specific stimulus that continues to its end without regard to immediate consequences or feedback.

Front 36

Fixed ratio schedule

Back 36

A fixed number of responses is required for the delivery of each reinforcer.

Front 37

Generalization.

Back 37

The transfer of a learned response from one stimulus to another.

Front 38

Habituation

Back 38

A decrease in the strenght of a naturally elicited behaviour that occurs through repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus. cf. extinction which deals with learned behaviours.

Front 39

Imprinting

Back 39

Learning in very young organisms that establishes attachment to a parent (or an object identified with the parent)

Front 40

Inhibition

Back 40

An active process that suppreses excitation or reduces the strength of a response.

Front 41

Instrumental conditioning

Back 41

Any situation based on Thorndike's method in which an animal can learn about the consequences of its actions. Like operant conditioning except that the experimenter controls the animal's ability to respond.