6305: Test 2:abdomen & Thorax

Front 1

Purpose of the thorax

Back 1

•
To provide bony protection to the heart, lungs, and great vessels.
•
To assist in breathing (air exchange).
•
To provide protection to abdominal viscera.
•
Act as conduit for structures that pass through the thorax from one body region to another & for structures that connect organs in the thorax to other body regions.

Front 2

____separates the thorax from the abdomen

Back 2

diaphragm

Front 3

–
Serves to attach the vertebral column posteriorly to the sternum anteriorly.
–
The internal organs –heart & lungs-are housed and protected within

Back 3

rib cage

Front 4

–
Manubrium
–
Body
–
Xiphoid process

Back 4

parts of the sternum

Front 5

Anterior cartilaginous ends of the first seven ribs

Back 5

•
Sternocostal joints
–

Front 6

–
Manubrium fuses with the body of the sternum

Back 6

•
Manubriosternal joint

Front 7

–
Cartilages of rib 6-10 form small synovial-lined joints

Back 7

•
Interchondral joints

Front 8

–
Attachment of ribs to the vertebral column
–
Facet & demifacets: articulating surfaces on the vertebral body

Back 8

Costovertebral & costotransverse joints

Front 9

Movements of Costovertebral & costotransverse joints
–
Nonaxial, diarthrodial, gliding joints
–
Elevation & depression of the rib cage

Back 9

Movements of Costovertebral & costotransverse joints

Front 10

Innervation/nerves
•
Dermatomes
•
Thoracic spinal nerves
•
Sympathetic nervous system
•
Phrenicnerves (C3-C5)
–
Controls the diaphram

Back 10

(T2-T12)

Front 11

Innervation/nerves

•
Phrenicnerves

Back 11

–
Controls the diaphram
(C3-C5)

Front 12

Lie on either side of the mediastinum surrounded by the right and left pleural cavities

Back 12

lungs

Front 13

Originate from the pulmonary trunk
–
Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right ventricle of the heart.
•

Back 13

Pulmonary arteries

Front 14

Superior & inferior veins carry oxygenatedblood from the lungs back to the heart.

Back 14

Pulmonary veins

Front 15

Occurs when people hold their breath and exhale.

Back 15

Valsalva’s Maneuver

Front 16

Innervation
–
Diaphragm:

Back 16

phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)

Front 17

Innervation
–
Intercostal muscles:

Back 17

intercostal nerve (T2-T6)

Front 18

Nose, oral cavity, pharynx, & larynx

Back 18

upper respiratory tract

Front 19

Trachea, bronchial tree

Back 19

lower respiratory tract

Front 20

What phases of respiration

–
Elevation (raising) of ribs & increase in size of thoracic cavity via descent of the diaphragm muscle & expiration of the thoracic wall
–
Occurs when an individual is resting or sitting quietly
–

Back 20

•
Inspiration

Front 21

Diaphragm muscle
•
External intercostal muscles

Back 21

Quiet inspiration phase

Front 22

What respiration phase uses:

Diaphragm muscle
•
External intercostal muscles

Sternocleidomastoid
•
Scalenes
•
Pectoralis major
•
Levator costarum
•
Serratus posterior superior

Back 22

Deep inspiration phase:
•

Front 23

Occurs when an individual is breathing harder

Back 23

Deep inspiration phase:
•

Front 24

What respiration phase uses:

Diaphragm muscle
•
External intercostal muscles

Sternocleidomastoid
•
Scalenes
•
Pectoralis major
•
Levator costarum
•
Serratus posterior superior•
Levator scapula
•
Upper trapezius
•
Rhomboids
•
Pectoralis minor

Back 24

Forced inspiration phase

Front 25

Occurs when an individual is working very hard; in a state of “air hunger.”

Back 25

Forced inspiration phase

Front 26

Occurs through relaxation of the external intercostal muscles,
•
Gravity pulling the rib cage downward,
•
Elastic recoil of the thoracic wall & tissue of the lung & bronchi.
•
(internal intercostals)
•
No muscle action is occurring.

Back 26

Quiet expiration phase

Front 27

Muscles that can pull down on the rib & muscles that can compress the abdomen, forcing the diaphragm upward.

Back 27

Forced expiration phase:

Front 28

What expiration phase uses:

Internal intercostals +:
•
Rectus abdominis
•
External oblique
•
Internal oblique
•
Quadratus lumborum
•
Transverse abdominis
•
Serratus posterior inferior

Back 28

Forced expiration phase:

Front 29

Common pathologies of the respiratory system

Back 29

Upper respiratory infection (URI)
Lower respiratory infection (LRI)
Bronchitis
Emphysema
Asthma
Hyperventilation
Stitch
Hiccups
Pleurisy
Pneumothorax
Rib separation
Rib dislocation
Flail chest

Front 30

What system?

heart pumps blood, which creates blood pressure, and circulates oxygen, nutrients, and other substances

Back 30

circulatory system

Front 31

Fibroserous sac surrounding the heart & the roots of the great vessels

Back 31

pericardium

Front 32

receives blood from the upper body by way of the superior vena cava & from the lower body via the inferior vena cava

Back 32

right atrium

Front 33

receives blood from the lungs by way of the four pulmonary veins.

Back 33

left atrium

Front 34

has relatively thin walls & pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery.

Back 34

right ventricle

Front 35

has thicker walls & pumps blood to the body through the aorta

Back 35

left ventricle

Front 36

More force is required to pump the blood through the body than through the lungs, so which muscular wall is thicker?

Back 36

left ventricle

Front 37

Interatrial, interventricular, & atrioventricular septa separate-----.

Back 37

the four chambers of the heart.

Front 38

means contraction

Back 38

systole

Front 39

means relaxation

Back 39

diastole

Front 40

When the ventricles are in systole, the atria are in diastole

Back 40

cardiac cycle

Front 41

–
Heart sounds –two sounds per heartbeat: lub-dup created by the closure of the valves
•
First sound –

Back 41

closure of the AV valves(lub)

Front 42

–
Heart sounds –two sounds per heartbeat: lub-dup created by the closure of the valves

•
Second sound –

Back 42

closure of the aortic & pulmonary semilunarvalves (dup)

Front 43

heart rates:
normal adult?
child?
physically fit?

Back 43

Adults 60 to 80 beats per minute
–
Children & infants have faster pulses
–
Person excellent physical condition has a slow resting pulse

Front 44

amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle in 1 minute

Back 44

cardiac output

Front 45

average resting cardiac output

Back 45

5 to 6 Liters

Front 46

•
Decreases heart rate
•
Reduces force of contraction
•
Constricts the coronary arteries

Back 46

–
Parasympathetic

Front 47

Increases heart rate
•
Increases the force of contraction

Back 47

Sympathetic

Front 48

•
Form the passageway for the blood

•
Help maintain blood pressure & provide the capillaries sites for the exchange of materials between the blood & the tissues.

Back 48

Vascular system:
–
Arteries, capillaries, & veins

Front 49

–
Return tissue fluid to the blood to maintain blood volume;
–
To protect the body against pathogens & other foreign material

Back 49

Lymphatic System

Front 50

Parts of the lymphatic system?

Back 50

Parts
•
Lymph & lymph vessels
•
Lymphatic tissue: lymph nodes & nodules, spleen, & thymus

Front 51

Purpose of Abdomen

Back 51

•
To house and protect major viscera
To assist with breathing

Front 52

What is housed in the abdominal cavity?

Back 52

Small intestineColonLiverStomachSpleenRib cage

Front 53

To break down food into simple chemicals that can be absorbed into the blood & lymph and utilized by cells

Back 53

digestive system

Front 54

Organs of the digestive system

Back 54

esophagus
•
Stomach
•
Small intestine
–
Duodenum, Jejunum, ileum
•
Large intestine
–
Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
•
Rectum & Anal canal
•
Nerve Supply: Vagus Nerves

Front 55

Regulators of the internal environment of the body

Back 55

Urinary & Endocrine System