303 Pulmonary Pathophysiology - Structure And Function

Front 1

respiratory system structure: what are the two main airways

Back 1

1. upper airways
2. lower airways

Front 2

respiratory system structure: what is the upper airway consisted of

Back 2

nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx

Front 3

respiratory system structure: what is the lower airway consisted of

Back 3

the pulmonary system

Front 4

respiratory system structure: what are the supporting structures of the respiratory system

Back 4

diaphragm, accessory muscles

Front 5

pulmonary system structure: what are the two main airways

Back 5

1. conducting airways
2. respiratory airways

Front 6

conducting airway structure: where does it start and end

Back 6

starts: trachea
ends: terminal bronchioles

Front 7

conducting airway function: what are the 2 functions

Back 7

-conduct air to respiratory airways
-warm and humidify inspired air

Front 8

conducting airway function: what does it not do

Back 8

it does NOT do gas exchange

Front 9

respiratory airway structure: where does it start and end

Back 9

starts: respiratory bronchioles
ends: alveoli

Front 10

respiratory airway function: what is the function

Back 10

-gas exchange with blood

Front 11

Pulmonary system structure: what 4 tissues are common in the trachea, bronchus and bronchi

Back 11

-cartilage
-smooth muscle
-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-goblet cells

Front 12

Pulmonary system structure: what tissues are common in bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Back 12

-smooth muscle
-cuboidal epithelium

Front 13

Pulmonary system structure: what tissue is NOT present in bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Back 13

-NO cartilage

Front 14

Pulmonary system structure: what tissue is found in respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Back 14

-simple squamous epithelium

Front 15

Pulmonary system structure: what tissues are NOT found in respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Back 15

-NO smooth muscle, cartilage

Front 16

Pulmonary system structure: what is Fick's Law of Diffusion

Back 16

diffusion = SA for diffusion
. ------------------------
. thickness of interface

Front 17

Pulmonary system function: what are the 3 fuctions

Back 17

1. supply the body with oxygen
2. remove CO2
3. help maintain physiological pH

Front 18

Pulmonary system function: what are the 3 processes involved with gas exchange

Back 18

1. ventilation
2. perfusion
3. gas exchange

Front 19

Pulmonary system function: what is ventilation comprised of

Back 19

inspiration and exhalation

Front 20

Failure of the respiratory system: what are some common causes of ventilation failure

Back 20

-CNS depressants
-CNS disease
-airway obstruction
-lung restriction

Front 21

Failure of the respiratory system: common causes of perfusion failure (3)

Back 21

-pulmonary embolism
-pulmonary hypertension
-myocardial infarction

Front 22

Failure of the respiratory system: common causes of gas exchange failure (3)

Back 22

-pneumonia
-pulmonary edema
-anemia (O2 carried by hemoglobin)

Front 23

Failure of the respiratory system: consequences

Back 23

-hypoxia (low O2 delivery) --> cell death
-hypercapnia (high CO2 retention) --> vasoconstriction --> decreased blood flow to major organs

Front 24

acid base regulation: what is physiological pH

Back 24

7.35-7.45

Front 25

acid base regulation: is CO2 acidic?

Back 25

yes, as CO2 increases, pH decreases

Front 26

what causes respiratory acidosis

Back 26

hypoventilation (retain CO2)

Front 27

what causes respiratory alkalosis

Back 27

hyperventilation (blow off excess co2)

Front 28

what is the compensation mechanism for metabolic acidosis

Back 28

hyperventilation - blow off co2

Front 29

what is the compensation mechanism for metabolic alkalosis

Back 29

hypoventilation - retain co2

Front 30

common causes of respiratory acidosis (retain co2)

Back 30

-drug overdose
-sedatives
-ventilation failure

Front 31

common causes of respiratory alkalosis (blow off excess co2)

Back 31

-hyperventilation
-sepsis
-toxins

Front 32

why do pulmonary function tests (5 reasons)

Back 32

-identify respiratory abnormalities
-categorize nature of lung disease (obstruction vs restriction)
-determine severity of lung dysfunction
-follow the progression of disease
-objectively measure response to therapy

Front 33

what is tidal volume (Vt)

Back 33

volume of air moved in or out of lungs at rest (~500 mL)

Front 34

what is inspiratory capacity (IC)

Back 34

amount of air that can be inhaled from the resting expiratory level

Front 35

what is vital capacity (VC)

Back 35

maximum volume of air expired after maximum inspiration to full exhalation

Front 36

what is residual volume (RV)

Back 36

volume of air remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation

Front 37

total lung capacity (TLC)

Back 37

total amount of air in lungs after maximal exhalation
VC+RV

Front 38

what is obstructive lung disease

Back 38

obstruction of airflow in and out of lungs

Front 39

what causes obstructive lung disease

Back 39

bronchoconstriction and inflammation

Front 40

what does obstructive lung diseases mostly affect in the respiratory airways

Back 40

mostly bronchioles

Front 41

what is another name for obstructive lung disease

Back 41

small airway disease

Front 42

some examples of obstructive lung disease

Back 42

asthma
copd

Front 43

what is restrictive lung disease

Back 43

limits normal expansion of the lung (e.g. pulmonary fibrosis)

Front 44

what is the consequence of restrictive lung disease

Back 44

results in less ventilation and more effort to ventilate

Front 45

some examples of restrictive lung disease

Back 45

pneumothorax/hemothorax
atelectasis
respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
pulmonary fibrosis

Front 46

how does spirometry differ in obstructive lung disease vs restrictive lung disease

Back 46

VC decreases for both
RV increases for O.L.D. and decreases for R.L.D.
TLC remains normal for O.L.D. and decreases for R.L.D.

Front 47

what is FEV1

Back 47

maximum volume of air exhaled in 1 second with maximally forced effort from a position of maximal inspiration

Front 48

what is the ratio used to assess pulmonary function

Back 48

FEV1/FVC %

Front 49

health persons generally exhale how much of their VC in 1 second

Back 49

~80%

Front 50

what is FVC

Back 50

vital capacity

Front 51

what is FEF 25-75%

Back 51

mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the FVC

Front 52

which is a more sensitive measure of airflow resistance in the smaller airways: FEV/FVC or FEF

Back 52

FEF

Front 53

other tests used to diagnose pulmonary disease

Back 53

-arterial blood gas + pulse oximetry
-chest xray
-sputum culture
-ventilation/perfusion scan
-CT scan
-pulmonary angiography
-lung biopsy (bronchoscopy)
-open dissection

Front 54

what is V/Q scan

Back 54

ratio of ventilation:perfusion

Front 55

what are the normal ventilation and perfusion rates of a normal adult

Back 55

ventilation: 5L/min
perfusion: 5L/min
V/Q ratio: 1/1

Front 56

what is a V/Q mismatch

Back 56

V/Q ratio =/= 1/1

Front 57

what does a V/Q mismatch indicate that there is a problem with

Back 57

problem with either ventilation (shunt) or perfusion (dead space)