2Nd Trimester--A&p Ch 16: Cardiovascular Blood Vessels And Circulation

Front 1

The walls of arteries have 3 layers of tissue surrounding the lumen. What are they?

Back 1

inner = endothelium, basement membrane, elastic lamina
middle = smooth muscle and elastic tissue
outer = elastic and collagen fibers

Front 2

small arteries

Back 2

arterioles

Front 3

Sympathetic fibers of the autonomic nervous system innervate _____ muscle.Increase in sympathetic stimulation causes ______

Back 3

vascular smooth muscle; vasoconstriction.

Front 4

Decrease of sympathetic stimulation causes _____

Back 4

vasodilatation

Front 5

capillaries connect what to what?

Back 5

arterioles to venules

Front 6

capillary walls are ______ and are made of

Back 6

transparent; endothelium and basement.
Because of the thinness of these walls, exchange between the blood and the body cells are possible.

Front 7

venules are similar in structure to _____; their walls are only slightly _____ than those of capillaries

Back 7

arterioles
thicker

Front 8

veins are structurally similar to _____; but what is different?

Back 8

arteries; vein's middle and inner layers are thinner with much less elastic tissue.

Front 9

In some veins, the inner layer folds inward to form _____ that do what?

Back 9

valves; that prevent the backflow of blood.

Front 10

Weak venous valve may cause ______

Back 10

varicose

Front 11

arteries carry blood ____ the heart and toward _______ in the _______

Back 11

away from; toward capillaries in the tissue.

Front 12

arterioles play a key role in doing what?

Back 12

regulating blood flow from arteries into capillaries.

Front 13

Because capillaries are numerous and their walls are very thing and blood flows so slowly, ______ can occur

Back 13

capillary exchange

for ex., oxygen, carbon, dioxide, glucose, amino acids, and hormones enter and leave capillaries by diffusion

Front 14

all plasma solutes except _____ pass easily across most capillary walls

Back 14

proteins

Front 15

________ can make the fluid move out and _________ can make the fluid move in.

Back 15

capillary blood pressure
blood colloid osmotic pressure

Front 16

blood colloid osmotic pressure is maintained by

Back 16

concentration of solutes, especially proteins.

Front 17

In some diseases, such as nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis of the liver, decreased _________ causes ________

Back 17

plasma protein; edema

Front 18

venules and veins drain __________ and return blood to the ________

Back 18

capillaries in the tissues; the heart

Front 19

The blood flowing back to the heart through systemic veins occurs due to the pressure generated by ?

Back 19

contractions of left ventricle

Front 20

how much blood flow in venules vs. right ventricle?

Back 20

16 mm/Hg in venules and 0mm Hg in right ventricle.

Front 21

By the time blood leaves the capillaries and moves into veins, it has lost a great deal of _______

Back 21

pressure

Front 22

clinically, blood samples are obtained from a _____ because ?

Back 22

vein; pressure is low and many of the veins are close to the skin surface.

Front 23

What is a pulse?

Back 23

the alternate expansion and elastic recoil of an artery after each contraction of the left ventricle.

Front 24

What is the most common place to feel the pulse?

Back 24

the radial artery at the wrist

Front 25

What is the second most common place to feel the pulse?

Back 25

common carotic artery next to the voice box on the neck (used during cardiopulmonary resuscitation)

Front 26

Normal pulse rate

Back 26

same as heart: 60-100 times per minute in adult at rest, tho most people are around 70-80.

Front 27

Tachycardia pulse rate

Back 27

over 100 beats/min

can be seen in exercise, fever, or hyperthyroidism

Front 28

bradycardia rate

Back 28

under 60 beats/min

can be seen in sick sinus syndrome, hypothyroidism, or some normal people.

Front 29

What is blood pressure (BP)?

Back 29

the force exerted by the blood against the walls of vessels

product of the output of the heart and the resistance in the vessels.

Front 30

The output of the heart is influenced by what 2 things?

Back 30

1. strength of the contraction of the heart
2. total blood volume

Front 31

The resistance in the vessels is affected by what 3 things?

Back 31

1. vasomotor change
2. elasticity of blood vessels
3. viscosity of the blood

Front 32

Blood pressure is regulated by what?

Back 32

CV (cardiovascular) center and some hormones.

Front 33

What is the CV center?

Back 33

medulla oblongata

Front 34

the higher brain regions:

Back 34

including cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus.

Front 35

The sensory receptors; proprioceptors

Back 35

in skeletal muscles, tendons, and labyrinth provide impulses during physical activity, or reaction to some stimulations from environment

Front 36

baroreceptors

Back 36

pressure receptors located in aorta, internal carotid arteries, and other large arteries in neck and chest. They send impulses continuously to CV center to regulate the BP thru autonomic nerve system.

Front 37

chemoreceptors

Back 37

located in two carotid bodies in common carotid arteries and one aortic body in the arch of the aorta. Monitor blood levels of O2, CO2, and H+ and send the impulses to CV center during hypoxia, acidosis, and hypercapnia to produce vasoconstriction and increase of BP.

Front 38

Several hormones help regulate blood pressure, which include (4)

Back 38

1. Raa: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: when blood volume falls or blood flow to the kidney decreases, certain cells in the kidneys secrete rennin and activate Raa system. angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and aldosterone increases Na+ and water reabsorption. Both ELEVaTE BP
2. Epinephrine and norepinephrine: in response to sympathetic stimulation, adrenal medulla releases these hormones, which increase cardiac output by increasing the rate and force of heart contractions; they also cause vasoconstriction of arteries and veins in the skin and abdominal organs to INCREaSE BP.
3. antidiuretic hormone (adh), aka vasopressin, secreted by posterior pituitary and causes vasoconstriction and INCREaSES BP.
4. atrial natriuretic peptide (anp): released by the cells in the atria of the heart, anp LOWERS blood pressure by causing vasodilatation, promoting the loss of salt and water in the urine.

Front 39

What lowers BP?

Back 39

anp (atrial natriuretic peptide)

Front 40

what instrument measures blood pressure?

Back 40

sphgmomanometer.

pump 170-200 mmHg.

Front 41

First sound heard when reading blood pressure

Back 41

systolic pressure

occurs during heart muscle contraction

Front 42

last sound heard when reading blood pressure

Back 42

diastolic pressure

occurs during relaxation of the heart muscle.

Front 43

Normal range bp:

Back 43

<140/90 mmHg and >90/60 mmHg. avg level in young adult at rest is about 120/80mmHg.

Bp > or = 240/90 mmHg indicated hypertension and BP < or = 90/60 mmHg indicates hypotension

Front 44

all systemic circulation branches from

Back 44

aorta

Front 45

aorta, which arises from the ________ and can be divided into 4 parts:

Back 45

arises from the left ventricle of the heart, divided into:
1. ascending aorta: gives off two coronary arteries and which supply oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscle
2. arch of the aorta: the branches supply the head and neck and the organs therein and both upper extremities.
3. thoracic aorta: the branches supply the chest wall, organs in the chest, such as esophagus, bronchi, pericardium, and plurae, etc .
4. abdominal aorta: the branches supply organs in abdomen, such as stomach, small and large intestine, liver, spleen, pancreas, adrenal glands, and kidneys, etc. Divided also into two common iliac arteries and their branches, which supply both lower extremities.

Front 46

all the systemic veins empty into the ___, _______, or ______, which in turn empty into the __________

Back 46

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, or coronary sinus.....right atrium.

Front 47

When deoxygenated blood returns to the heart from the systemic route, it is pumped out of the _______ ventricle through pulmonary trunk and two _________ into the __________. Here, it loses __________ and picks up __________.

Back 47

pulmonary arteries
lungs.
loses carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen.

Front 48

In pulmonary circulation, oxygenated blood returns through _________ through ______

Back 48

left atrium
through 4 pulmonary veins.

Front 49

In pulmonary circulation, _____ carry deoxygenated blood and _____ carry oxygenated blood

Back 49

pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins

Front 50

Some chronic lung or heart disease may cause deficiency of oxygen of the body and _______ appears

Back 50

cyanosis

Front 51

A vein that carries blood from one capillary network to another is called a

Back 51

portal vein

Front 52

The hepatic portal vein, formed by the union of what 3 veins?

Back 52

splenic, superior, and interior mesenteric veins.

Front 53

Hepatic portal vein receives blood from capillaries of ______ and delivers it to ______

Back 53

digestive organs
capillary-like structures in the liver called sinusoids.

Front 54

During hepatic portal circulation, liver receives oxygenated blood from the

Back 54

systemic circulation via the hepatic artery

Front 55

Ultimately, all blood leaves the sinusoids of the liver through the _____ which drain into the ?

Back 55

hepatic veins, which drain into the inferior vena cava

Front 56

Some liver disease like cirrhosis of liver may cause ______ which can lead to ?

Back 56

hypertension of portal vein, which results in ascites, splenomegaly, and bleeding of esophageal varications, etc.

Front 57

Shock is?

Back 57

a failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needs. It does not constitute a disease, which s a clinical syndrome of acute circulatory failure induced by many causes, and the pathogenesis is complicated.

Front 58

Common types of shock include these 5 things:

Back 58

1. cardiogenic shock: also called pump failure, as occurs in myocardial infarction (heart attack)
2. infectious shock: is is caused by infection of microbes, such septicemia resulting from pneumonia, pyelonephrities, etc. which is also called septic shock
3. hypovolemic shock: decreased blood volume may be caused by acute hemorrhage (injury, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, etc.) or severe dehydration
5. Anaphylactic shock: is a severe allergic reaction caused by injection of some drugs like penecillin, or serum reagents, etc.
6. neurogenic shock: due to injury or ischemia of brain or spinal cord, which cause inhibition of vasomotor center and loss of vascular strength

Front 59

common clinical features of shock include:

Back 59

low blood pressure (systolic pressure < 90 mmHg), rapid heart and pulse rates, cool and pale skin, sweating, oliguria, etc. Clinically acute and severe condition.

Front 60

Hypertension

Back 60

defined as persistently high blood pressure.

Front 61

Hypertension can be divided into two things:

Back 61

essential or secondary

about 5% patients with secondary hypertension are caused by some primary diseases (renal disease and endocrine disease, etc.)

90-95% patients with essential hypertension are etiologically unknown. Pathogenesis may be related to genetic factor, diet (esp high Na intake), obesity, endocrine and nervous factors, etc.

can also cause complications such as coronary artery disease, stroke, and hypertensive nephropathy

Front 62

How do you lower the risk of hypertension?

Back 62

Lose weight, limit alcohol intake, exercise, reduce intake of Na and increase intake of K, Ca, and Mg, do not smoke, and manage stress