2Nd Trimester--A&p Chapter 17: Lymphatic And Immune System

Front 1

3 functions of lymphatic and immune systems

Back 1

1. draining interstitial fluid
2. transporting dietary lipids (lymphatic vessels transport triglycerides, cholesterol, and lipid-soluble vitamins A,D, E, and K from the gastrointestinal tract to the blood)
3. protecting against invasion (lymphocytes, with the aid of macrophages, protect the body from foreign cells, microbes, and cancer cells)

Front 2

Lymphatic vessels return the fluid to venous blood in the

Back 2

subclavian veins

Front 3

Lymph:

Back 3

when the interstitial (body) fluid or intercellular fluid enters the lymphatic capillary, it is called lymph

Front 4

Lymphatic vessels include what 2 sets?

Back 4

superficial and deep sets. They carry lymph and pass regional lymph nodes, eventually draining into one of the terminal vessels, right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct.

Front 5

Right lymphatic duct: length and purpose

Back 5

only 1/2 inch long and receives lymph from upper right quadrant of the body and emptied into the right subclavian vein.

Front 6

Thoracic duct: length and purpose

Back 6

Main lymphatic duct and 16 inches long. Receives lymph from all parts of the body except those above the diaphragm on the right side. Thoracic duct begins in the posterior part of the ab cavity and empties into left subclavian vein

Front 7

Thymus: location and actions

Back 7

Posterior to sternum.
Key role in the development of the immune system before birth and during the first few months of pregnancy.

Front 8

T cells mature in the thymus and develop under the effects of what thymus hormone?

Back 8

Thymosin

Front 9

What does Thymosin do?

Back 9

Promotes the growth and activity of lymphocytes in lymphatic tissue throughout the body.

Front 10

Lymph nodes: number, location, purpose

Back 10

600 bean-shaped located along lymphatic vessels throughout the body, superficially and deep, usually occurring in groups.
Contain B cells that develop into plasma cells that secrete antibodies, Tcells and macrophages (from monocyte)
Designed to filter lymph.

Front 11

Spleen location

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Largest single mass of lymph tissue in the body and is located in the upper left region of the abdomen

Front 12

Spleen's 2 types of tissue and what they are

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1. White pulp: Lymphatic tissue, consisting mostly of lymphocytes and macrophages. B cells and T cells carry out immune functions while macrophages destroy pathogens by phagocytosis.
2. Red pulp: consists of blood-filled venous sinuses and cords of splenic tissue consisting of RBCs, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and granular leukocytes.

Front 13

Red pulp does 3 things

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1. removal of macrophages of worn out or defective blood cells/platelets
2. storage of blood
3. production of blood cells during fetal life.

Front 14

Spleen is the organ most often damaged in cases of _____

Back 14

abdominal trauma. Splenectomy could be needed.

Front 15

Some lymphatic nodules are designed to filter not lymph, but tissue fluid. These are?

Back 15

Tonsils

Front 16

What kind of tonsils are the most commonly removed because of chronic and recurrent tonsillitis?

Back 16

Palate tonsils

Front 17

The ability to ward off disease is called _____ and is divided into 2 categories:

Back 17

Resistance
1. Nonspecific resistance
2. Specific resistance

Front 18

Nonspecific Resistance to Disease and 3 subcategories:

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1. Skin and mucous membranes
2. Internal defense (including antimicrobial proteins and natural killer cells and phagocytes)
3. inflammation and fever

Front 19

1st line of defense:

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Skin/mucous membranes--physical barrier for the entrance of microbes

Front 20

2nd line of defense:

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internal defense.

Front 21

What are produced by virus-infected lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts which can induce synthesis of antiviral proteins that interfere with viral replication?

Back 21

Interferons (IFNs)

Front 22

Clinically, IFNs are used for the treatment of what?

Back 22

viral infections, such as hepititis and AIDS.

Front 23

Complement is what?

Back 23

a family of proteins in serum, which participates and enhances the immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions, also promotes phagocytosis

Front 24

Tranferrins also do what?

Back 24

inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing the iron level

Front 25

What are lymphocytes that have the ability to induce cytolysis and thereby kill a variety of microbes and certain tumor cells?

Back 25

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

Front 26

Two types of phagocytes:

Back 26

1. neutrophils
2. Macrophages.

They perform phagocytosis to kill many types of microbes.

Front 27

Inflammation looks like:

Back 27

release of some substances such as histamine, prostaglandins, membrane lipids, which induce vasodilation and increased permeability causing the symptoms of heat, redness, and swelling. The reaction of inflammation, esp the leakage of fibrinogen, can isolate and destroy microbes and toxins and prepares for tissue repair

Front 28

Fever

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commonly occurs during infection and inflammation and is cause by many bacterial toxins. This intensifies the effects of interferons, inhibits growth of some microbes, and speeds up the body's reactions that aid repair.

Front 29

T lymphocytes:

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T cells develop from pluripotent stem cells of red bone marrow, then migrate into the thymus where they mature, then migrate to other lymphatic tissues. Constitute 60-70% of peripheral lymphocytes.

Front 30

Main 2 functions T cells

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1. Activate T cell-mediated immunity
2. Regulate the immune effects in both T cells and B cells

Front 31

B lymphocytes

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Also develop from pluripotent & mature there. Constitute 10-20% in circulating peripheral lymphocytes. On antigenic stimulation, B cells form plasma cells that secrete immunoglobulin and mediate antibody-mediated immunity.

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Antigens:

Back 32

Antigens can cause the body to produce specific antibodies and/or specific T cells and react with antibodies. For example, microbes (bacteria or viruses or part of them), toxins secretes by bacteria, and some other substances including food, drugs, pollen, cancer cells, transplant tissue organs, etc. may also become antigens.

Front 33

Antibodies what and what are the are 5 types:

Back 33

A globulin produced by plasma cells in response to an antigen that combines specifically to the antigen. This is also called ummunoglobulin. (Ig).
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE

Front 34

IgG:

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Accounts for about 80% of all antibodies in the blood. Protects against bacteria and viruses by enhancing phagocytosis, neutralizing toxins, and triggering the complement system

Front 35

IgA:

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Makes up 10-15% of all antibodies in the blood. IgA is secreted in tears, saliva, mucus, sweat, milk, and gastrointestinal secretions, and provides local protection against bacteria and viruses on mucous membranes

Front 36

IgM

Back 36

5-10% of all antibodies in the blood. Activates complement and causeus agglutination and lysis of microbes. Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies in ABO system are also IgM.

Front 37

IgD:

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0.2% of all antibodies in the blood. On the surface of B cells acts as antigen receptors involved in the activation of B cells

Front 38

IgE:

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less that 0.1% of all antibodies in the blood. IgE located on mast cells and basophils involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions, and provides protection against parasitic worms.

Front 39

Elevation in one class of Igs is seen in:

Back 39

allergic disease and parasitic disease (IgE) or multiple myeloma (igG, IgA, or IgD).

Front 40

Decrease in one class of Igs

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seen in congenital or acquired immunodeficiency

Front 41

Two types of Immune response

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1. T cell-mediated immunity
2. Antibody-mediated immunity

Front 42

Three major types of T-cells

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1. Helper T cells (T4 cells)
2. Cytotoxic T cells (T8 cells)
3. Memory T cells

Front 43

Helper T cells (T4 cells)

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release interleukinn-2 (IL 2) that causes cytotoxic T cells to grow and divide, and some other proteins that attract phagocytes and enchance the phagocytic ability of marcrophages
Also stimulate development of Beta cells into plasma cells to produce antibody

Front 44

Cytotoxic T cells (T8 cells)

Back 44

Soldiers to kill the invaders, especially viruses, cancer cells, and transplant cells.

Front 45

Memory T cells

Back 45

remain in lymphatic tissue long after the original infection, and remain able to recognize the original invading antigen and provide the immunity for years

Front 46

When the B cells are activated, they proliferate and develop into ________ cells to secrete specific antibodies, which in turn circulate in the _____ & _____ to reach the site of the invasion

Back 46

plasma
lymph & blood

Front 47

Antibody mediated immunity: the ways B cells attack antigens (6 ways)

Back 47

1. neutralize some bacteria toxins and prevent attachment of viruses to the body cells
2. immobilize bacteria
3. agglutinating antigen, then phagocytic cells ingest it
4. activating complement that removes microbes
5. enhance ability phagocytes
6. provide fetal/newborn immunity thru placenta and breast milk

Front 48

Active immunity--a form of naturally acquired immunity

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Immunity may be acquired naturally thru contact with a specific organism that causes disease or subclinical infection. This immunity can last for years or for life. This is active immunity.

Front 49

Passive immunity--a form of naturally acquired immunity

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Immunity acquired naturally by the passage of antibodies from mother to her fetus thru the placenta.

Front 50

Artificially acquired immunity:

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A harmful agent (organism, its component, or toxin) is treated to reduce the virulence then administered to produce antibodies in the body. (Vaccination)

Front 51

Active immunity--under artificial immunity

Back 51

Vaccination--it takes several weeks or even longer to produce an artificially active immunity.

Front 52

Passive immunity--under artificial immunity

Back 52

Person must receive borrowed antibodies against infection. S.A. tetanus immune globulin.

Front 53

Allergy

Back 53

a harmful reaction of antigens and antibodies. Allergens.

Front 54

Allergic reaction

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antigen and antibody. Leads to release of histamines, dilation and leaking of capillaries, and contraction of smooth muscle in the branch, etc. Can be seen in hay fever (rhinitis), urticaria, asthma, etc.

Front 55

Autoimmune disease

Back 55

Under normal conditions, the body's immune system can recognize its own tissues and chemicals, and doesn't produce T or B cells against them. This is immunological tolerance. However, when this mechanism is broken down, the immune system attacks its own certain tissues. Examples: Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupis erythematosus (SLE), Graves Disease, Type 1 diabetes mellitus, etc.

Front 56

Immune deficiency disease can be either ______ or __________

Back 56

congenital or acquired

Front 57

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Back 57

AIDS caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus).

Front 58

HIV mainly damages which cells?

Back 58

Helper T cells. The viruses quickly replicate in helper T cells and destroy the cells, also make functional impairment of remaining T and B cells.

Front 59

What percent of HIV infections do not progress to AIDS ?

Back 59

5%

Front 60

Immune surveillance

Back 60

System in the body to monitor abnormal cells and respond through cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity to kill them.
Only in special cases do they escape the monitoring and can become abnormal growths leading to tumors.

Front 61

Graft rejection

Back 61

Immune system recognizes transplant as foreign and mounts both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune system against them.

Front 62

The important antigens located on the surface of most body cells are

Back 62

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.
Test is routine for organ transportation. The more closely matched the MHC of donor recipient, the weaker the rejection.

Front 63

Most successful organ "transplant"

Back 63

Kidney--not actually removed, just add new one to ileum.