2Nd Trimester: A&p 2: Chapter 13: Endocrine

Front 1

What is NOT true concerning hormones?

Back 1

Most hormones are NOT released steadily throughout the day.

Front 2

What initiates and maintains the production of milk by the mammary glands?

Back 2

prolactin

Front 3

Which of the following has both endocrine AND exocrine functions?
a. adrenal medulla
b. anterior pituitary
c. pancreas
d. thyroid
e. parathyroid

Back 3

c. pancreas

Front 4

What is the order of the feedback loop concerning thyroid gland secretion?

Back 4

1.Low blood levels of thyroid hormones
2. TRH released from hypothalamus
3. TSH relseased from anterior pituitary
4. increased activity of thyroid follicular cells
5. normal blood levels of thyroid hormones

Front 5

A female who is sluggish, gaining weight, and has a low body temperature may be having problems with her?

Back 5

thyroid gland

Front 6

Either a deficiency of insulin production by the pancreas, or defects in insulin receptors on target cells, result in the disease ______.

Back 6

diabetes mellitus

Front 7

The most abundant anterior pituitary hormone is?

Back 7

human growth hormone (hGH)

Front 8

The posterior pituitary gland stores and secretes ____

Back 8

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Front 9

The release of cortisol is stimulated by ______

Back 9

ACTH

Front 10

Adrenal hormones useful in treating chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatism are ______

Back 10

glucocorticoids

Front 11

Which region of the adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids?

Back 11

outer zone

Front 12

The concentration of calcium and phosphate ions in the blood is regulated by _______

Back 12

parathyroid hormone

Front 13

Which pair of hormones have opposite effects?
a. parathyroid hormone, thyroid hormones
b. parathyroid hormone, calcitonin
c. oxytocin, glucocoricoids
d. aldosterone, oxytocin
e. thyroid hormones, thymosin

Back 13

b. parathyroid hormone, calcitonin

Front 14

Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by gonads?
a. follicle-stimulating hormone
b. inhibin
c. progesterone
d. relaxin
e. prolactin

Back 14

a. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Front 15

produce thyroid hormones

Back 15

follicular cells

Front 16

secrete insulin

Back 16

beta cells

Front 17

release hormones into capillaries of the posterior pituitary

Back 17

neurosecretory cells

Front 18

store oxytocin

Back 18

posterior pituitary

Front 19

secrete glucagon

Back 19

alpha cells

Front 20

produce calcitonin

Back 20

parafollicular cells

Front 21

secrete steroid hormones

Back 21

adrenal cortex

Front 22

If you drank a liter of water very quickly, the result would be:

Back 22

decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone

Front 23

diabetes insipidus

Back 23

hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 24

diabetes mellitus

Back 24

hyposecretion of insulin

Front 25

myxedema

Back 25

hyposecretion of thyroid hormone

Front 26

tetany

Back 26

hyposecretion of parathyroid hormone

Front 27

seasonal affective disorder

Back 27

hypersecretion of melatonin

Front 28

initiated by hypothalmic releasing hormones
(F = fight/flight; R = reaction; E = exhaustion)

Back 28

R

Front 29

initiated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
(F = fight/flight; R = reaction; E = exhaustion)

Back 29

F

Front 30

immediately prepares body for action
(F = fight/flight; R = reaction; E = exhaustion)

Back 30

F

Front 31

increases cortisol release
(F = fight/flight; R = reaction; E = exhaustion)

Back 31

R

Front 32

short-lived response
(F = fight/flight; R = reaction; E = exhaustion)

Back 32

F

Front 33

body resources become depleted
(F = fight/flight; R = reaction; E = exhaustion)

Back 33

E

Front 34

increased release of many hormones that ensure a continued ATP supply
(F = fight/flight; R = reaction; E = exhaustion)

Back 34

R

Front 35

failure of pancreatic beta cells; wasting of muscles
(F = fight/flight; R = reaction; E = exhaustion)

Back 35

E

Front 36

nonessential body functions inhibited
(F = fight/flight; R = reaction; E = exhaustion)

Back 36

F

Front 37

Which of the following functions as a second messenger?
A. Adenylate cyclase
B. ATP
C. cyclic AMP
D. protein kinase

Back 37

C. Cyclic AMP

Front 38

A hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates the absorption of Ca2+ ions from the digestive tract is?

Back 38

Calcitrol

Front 39

What stimulates the release of PTH from the parathyroid gland?

Back 39

Low levels of calcium in the blood

Front 40

The _____ cells of the islets of Langerhands secrete insulin

Back 40

beta

Front 41

Target cells for hypothalamic releasing hormones are located in the ______

Back 41

Anterior pituitary

Front 42

What has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

Back 42

pancreas

Front 43

Which of the following produce antagonistic results?
A. ADH and vasopressin
B. calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
C. FSH and LH
D. oxytocin and prolactin

Back 43

B. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Front 44

Tropic hormones are secreted by the

Back 44

Anterior pituitary

Front 45

A sign of pituitary dwarfism is:

Back 45

premature closing of the epiphyseal plates

Front 46

The concentration of calcium and phosphate ions in the blood is regulated by?

Back 46

parathyroid hormone

Front 47

Which of the following are associated with diabetes mellitus?

Back 47

Glycosuria, polyuria, ketosis, and hyperglycemia

Front 48

Which of the following hormones is a protein molecule?
A. estrogen
B. insulin
C. aldosterone
D. testosterone

Back 48

B. Insulin

Front 49

Artrial naturiuretic peptide (ANP) is secreted by what?

Back 49

The heart

Front 50

Blood passes in a direct route from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland through the _____

Back 50

hypophyseal portal veins

Front 51

Which endocrine gland is NOT regulated by tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary?

Back 51

parathyroid gland

Front 52

The posterior pituitary gland stores and secretes _____

Back 52

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Front 53

Drinking a liter of water very quickly would lead to

Back 53

Decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone

Front 54

Abnormally low secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland results in the disease ______

Back 54

diabetes mellitus

Front 55

Adrenal hormones useful in treating chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatism are ______

Back 55

glucocorticoids

Front 56

Type II diabetes most often occurs in humans who are overweight and ____

Back 56

over 35

Front 57

Either a deficiency of insulin production by the pancreas, or defects in insulin receptors on target cells, results in the disease ______

Back 57

diabetes mellitus

Front 58

The pineal gland is located in the _____

Back 58

brain

Front 59

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is associated with the changes in secretion of a hormone from the ______

Back 59

pineal gland

Front 60

Aspirin exerts its effect in reducing pain and inflammation by blocking the synthesis of ______

Back 60

prostaglandins

Front 61

Which of the following is/are made from cholesterol?
A. insulin
B. nitric oxide
C. steroid hormones
D. thyroid hormones

Back 61

C. steroid hormones

Front 62

What stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone?

Back 62

Luteinizing hormone

Front 63

What initiates and maintains the production of milk by the mammary glands?

Back 63

Prolactin

Front 64

What stimulates an increase in basal metabolic rate?

Back 64

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Front 65

What stimulates increased absorption of Na+ and H20 by the kidneys?

Back 65

Aldosterone

Front 66

Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by gonads?
A. follicle-stimulating hormone
B. inhibin
C. progesterone
D. relaxin

Back 66

A. follicle-stimulating hormone

Front 67

Which answer lists hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus and pass in blood stream to the anterior pituitary?
A. Prolactin, MSH, and LH
B. ADH and oxytocin
C. CRH, TRH, and GnRH
D. ACTH, TSH, and FSH

Back 67

C. CRH, TRH, and GnRH

Front 68

_______ controls the production and secretion of glucocorticoids

Back 68

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and indirectly, coricotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Front 69

Hormones influence their target cells by chemically binding to specific ________

Back 69

receptors

Front 70

Most systems that regulate secretion of hormones work by employing _____ mechanisms

Back 70

negative feedback

Front 71

During delivery, the hormone ______ enhances contraction of smooth muscle cells in the wall of the uterus

Back 71

oxytocin

Front 72

The _____ is a sequence of bodily changes that can progress through three stages: fight-or-flight response, resistance reaction, and exhaustion

Back 72

stress response

Front 73

PTH decreases blood HPO4 2- level, and increases blood Ca2+ level; True or False?

Back 73

True

Front 74

Calcitonin is produced by parathyroid glands. T/F

Back 74

False

Front 75

Sympathetic nerve impulses and epinephrine are more associated with the RESISTANCE stage of a stress response than the fight-or-flight stage. True/False

Back 75

False

Front 76

If a hormone is prevented from interacting with its receptors, the hormone cannot perform its normal functions.True/False

Back 76

True

Front 77

Endocrine glands secrete their products into ducts. Exocrine glands, by contrast, secrete their products into interstitial fluid. True/False

Back 77

False

Front 78

Red blood cells release prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to chemical and mechanical stimuli. True/False.

Back 78

False

Front 79

The THYMUS GLAND may enlarge to two- to three-times its normal size, a condition called goiter. True/False

Back 79

False

Front 80

Low blood glucose level stimulates the secretion of glucagon. True/False.

Back 80

True

Front 81

Calcitonin promotes decreased blood Ca2+ level, whereas parathyroid hormones increases blood Ca2+ level. True/False

Back 81

True

Front 82

Insulin DECREASES blood glucose level. T/F/

Back 82

True

Front 83

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is made by the anterior pituitary in both females and males. T/F

Back 83

True.

Front 84

The other organs and tissues that also have endocrine functions:

Back 84

...hypothalamus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, heart, adipose tissue, and placenta, etc.

Front 85

Endocrine regulation of hormones. The amount of each hormone secretion is kept within a specific range. This secretion is regulated by:

Back 85

1. Signals from the nervous system (such as nerve impulses to the adrenal medullae regulate its release of epinephrine and norepinephrine)
2. Chemical change in the blood (such as calcium ion lvel in the blood regulating the secretion of PTH [parathyroid hormone]
3. Other hormones: (such as TSH from anterior pituitary stimulating the release of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland, and higher levels of serum thyroid hormone inhibits the secretion of TSH. This mechanism is called NEGATIVE FEEDBACK.)

Front 86

What mechanism is described: TSH from anterior pituitary stimulating the release of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland, and higher levels of serum thyroid hormone inhibits the secretion of TSH

Back 86

Negative feedback.

Front 87

The hypothalamus synthesizes at least 9 hormones to control the release of hormones from the pituitary, which are called?

Back 87

releasing or inhibiting hormones.

Front 88

Where is the pituitary located?

Back 88

In the sella turcica depression in the sphenoid bone.

Front 89

The pituitary gland is composed of two lobes. What are their names?

Back 89

Anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary. Both secrete different hormones.

Front 90

ADH causes constriction of arteriole that enhances blood pressure, so it is also called what?

Back 90

Vasopressin.

Front 91

Two types of hormone are produced by the thyroid gland. The follicular cells produce ______ and the parafollicular cells produce _______

Back 91

T4 and T3
Calcitonin

Front 92

T4 is also called _______ because is has ______; T3 is called _______ because it has _______

Back 92

Thyroxine because it has 4 atoms of iodine.
Triiodothyronine because it has 3 atoms of iodine.
T3 active; T4 storage (speed that body converts glucose, mostly)

Front 93

The effects of the thyroid hormones include ?

Back 93

increases basal metabolic rate and oxygen use, cellular metabolism, and growth and development of the body.

Front 94

The secretion of the thyroid hormones is regulated by?

Back 94

hypothalamic releasing hormone and TSH through negative feedback and may be influenced by other factors like weather, etc.

Front 95

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones produces ______; hyposecretion produces ______

Back 95

hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism

Front 96

Calcitonin (CT) can decrease the level of calcium in the blood by promoting what?

Back 96

the movement of blood calcium ions into bone matrix, so CT and PTH have the opposite effect to regulate the calcium ions in the blood. Secretion of CT is also regulated by blood level of calcium ions.

Front 97

Each adrenal gland is composed of two regions:

Back 97

1. Adrenal cortex
2. Adrenal medulla

Front 98

Mineralocorticoids hormones do what?

Back 98

help control the homeostasis of water, sodium and potassium ions.

Front 99

What is the most active mineralocorticoid and what does it do?!

Back 99

Aldosterone, which increases sodium ion resorption in renal tubules and stimulates excretion of potassium from urine. Finally, it increases sodium ion levels and water volume and decreases potassium ion level in the blood.

Front 100

Glucocorticoids. What do they do?

Back 100

1. promote protien breakdown into amino acids
2. promote glucose formation from amino acids or lactic acids
3. stimulate lipolysis
4. resistance to stress, cause vasoconstriction and elevate blood pressure
5. have anti-inflammatory effects, but retard tissue repair and wound healing
6. depress immune responses
Secretion controlled by ACTH

Front 101

Androgens

Back 101

In both male and females, the adrenal cortex secretes a small amount of androgen. Stimulates growth of axillary and pubic hair and prepubertal growth spurt in both sexes.
Some congenital hyperplasia of adrenal gland causes sexual precocity in males or virilization in females.

Front 102

If ACTH is up and cortisol is up, where is the issue?

Back 102

adenoma pituitary

Front 103

If ACTH is down but cortisol is up, where is the issue?

Back 103

adrenal gland

Front 104

What controls the secretion of Androgens?

Back 104

ACTH.

Front 105

Where is the main source of androgens in males?

Back 105

The testes

Front 106

What does androgen do for females?

Back 106

Contributes to libido and are converted into estrogen that are main resource after menopause.

Front 107

The adrenal medulla has two primary hormones. What are they?

Back 107

Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Front 108

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine doe?

Back 108

They help the body reduce stress by increasing heart rate, force of cardiac muscle contraction, blood flow to the organs, and blood pressure. Epinephrine can release the spasm of smooth muscle of bronchioles and bronchi.

Front 109

A functional tumor of the adrenal medulla is called

Back 109

phenochromocytoma.

Front 110

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of what?

Back 110

clusters of glandular cells called pancreatic islets.

Front 111

Two major hormones are produced by alpha and beta cells, respectively, and they do what?

Back 111

glucagon and insulin and they are the chief regulators of blood glucose level.

Front 112

Glucagon does what and how?

Back 112

Increases the blood glucose level when it falls below normal by
1. accelerating the conversion in the liver of glycogen into glucose
2. promoting the conversion in the liver of amino acids and lactic acid into glucose
3. stimulating the release of glucose from liver into blood.

Front 113

The secretion of glucagon is regulated by blood glucose level how?

Back 113

negative feedback

Front 114

Insulin does what and how?

Back 114

When the blood glucose level is above normal, insulin decreases it by several ways:
1. Accelerates the diffusion of glucose from blood into most body cells, especially skeletal muscle fibers
2. accelerates the conversion of glucose into glycogen and fatty acids
3. promotes uptake of amino acids into body cells and increases protein synthesis within cells
4. slows the conversion of liver glycogen into glucose
5. slows formation of glucose by liver cells

Front 115

Overdose injection of insulin or _______ causes _________

Back 115

insulinoma; hyperinsulinemia

Front 116

Ovaries main sex hormones

Back 116

estrogen and progesterone.

Front 117

Estrogen and progesterone, along with what other two hormones from the anterior pituitary, do what?

Back 117

FSH and LH; regulate menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, and prepare the mammary glands for ejection.

Front 118

Ovaries also produce ______ that inhibit the secretion of FSH and _____ that helps enlarge birth canal

Back 118

inhibin
relaxin

Front 119

Testes produce _____ that inhibit FSH secretion

Back 119

inhibin

Front 120

Functional pituitary tumors

Back 120

The pituitary contains 5 cell types, each of which, either singly or in combination, can give rise to pituitary adenomas.
Prolactinoma, gigantism and acromegaly, cushing's.

Front 121

Non-functional pituitary tumors

Back 121

These adenomas do not secrete hormones but may compress or destroy pituitary tissue and cause symptoms of hormone loss.

Front 122

What percent of pituitary tumors are benign and what two categories are they separated into?

Back 122

90%; functional and non-functional

Front 123

2 hormones can promote growth in children. What are they?

Back 123

hGH & T3/T4 (thyroid hormones)

Front 124

Sex hormones have two sources. What are they?

Back 124

Ovaries and Testes.
Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Also inhibin, inhibiting the secretion of FSH, and relaxin,
Testes produces testosterone. Also inhibin, inhibiting FSH secretion.