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25 Cards in this Set
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Eimeria bovis
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Dx: location, oocyst morphology, site of lesion, Pathology: depends on host factors, infective dose, stress. Gamonts (begins ~18dPI): hemorrhagic diarrhea, tenesmus, fever, edema, anemia. Death 3-4w PI. Subclinical: affect performance
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HIGHLY host-specific; partial immunity species and strain-specific, Dz of high-density captives: in wild, animals are spread out and get very low #s of oocysts, no pathology, Susceptible: young, crowded, stress; SPRING AND FALL greatest risk in this area, Prophylaxis: coccidiostats in feed/water, Tx: difficult to manage b/c sick animals reduce intake of food/water (requires minimum 5d), 1000 oocysts > 3.2x10^10 parasites, EIMERIA DOES NOT INFECT DOGS/CATS; pass-through ONLY (ate another animals’ feces)
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Eimeria zurneii
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Hemorrhagic diarrhea, anemia, weakness, wt loss., Pathology due to asexual stages, Death beginning 7d after onset of symptoms; infection not yet patent
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HIGHLY host-specific; partial immunity species and strain-specific, Dz of high-density captives: in wild, animals are spread out and get very low #s of oocysts, no pathology, Susceptible: young, crowded, stress; SPRING AND FALL greatest risk in this area, Prophylaxis: coccidiostats in feed/water, Tx: difficult to manage b/c sick animals reduce intake of food/water (requires minimum 5d), 1000 oocysts > 3.2x10^10 parasites, EIMERIA DOES NOT INFECT DOGS/CATS; pass-through ONLY (ate another animals’ feces)
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Eimeria orinoidalis
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Hemorrhagic bloody diarrhea
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Prevention: coccidiostats, keep susceptible animals from moist areas; hard to treat sick animals
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Crypto-sporidium parvum (C. hominis, C. bovis)
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Severe, cholera-like diarrhea, Dz self-limiting in immunocompetent hosts, Dx: oocysts in floats, staining (Acid fast, fluorescent Ab, ELISA Snap test), Look like yeast; small, float near top of coverslip, out of focus area for most ova.
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Zoonotic. Not species-specific. Tx cattle: paromomycin; drugs reduce symptoms, not curative. Bovine immune colostrum, fluids. Dz not proportional to # ingested b/c of autoinfection. Prevention: NO VACCINE. Calf hutches = works for 1st calf, then steam-clean and MOVE. On sloping ground; start on bottom and move up. C. canis and C. felis = little zoonotic risk AND no host dz.
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Crypto-sporidium baileyi
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Enteric and respiratory; bursal epithelium often infected
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Young birds most affected, associated with immunosuppression
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Crypto-sporidium meleagridis
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Enteric and respiratory
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Eimeria tenella, necatrix, acervulina, maxima, mivati, brunette
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Intestinal coccidiosis: hemorrhage, malabsorption (prior to patency), Dx: oocysts or gut stages at postmortem, Subclinical infections: production, Chickens only live for 6 weeks, so if they get coccidiosis, they WILL be poor-doers.
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Immunity species or strain-specific, partial or complete, Young birds at greatest risk, Tx: sanitation, prophylaxis with coccidiostats (rotate to avoid resist.), Vaccines: oocyst cocktails, irradiated/mutated; Inovox (Embrex) = recombinant
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Eimeria adenoeides, meleagridi.
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Intestinal coccidiosis: hemorrhage, malabsorption (prior to patency), Dx: oocysts or gut stages at postmortem, Subclinical infections: production, Chickens only live for 6 weeks, so if they get coccidiosis, they WILL be poor-doers.
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Immunity species or strain-specific, partial or complete, Young birds at greatest risk, Tx: sanitation, prophylaxis with coccidiostats (rotate to avoid resist.), Vaccines: oocyst cocktails, irradiated/mutated; Inovox (Embrex) = recombinant
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Eimeria debliecki
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Acute enteritis; yellow fibronecrotic pseudomembrane loosely adhered to hyperemic mucosa; bloody diarrhea. Dx: histo of jejunum/ileum; oocysts not shed during diarrhea
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Sporulation 4-9d, patency 8d. Control: elevated floors in farrowing. Coccidiostats to sows/pigs
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Eimeria scabra
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Sporulation 9-12d, patency 9d
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Isospora suis
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Asexual stages pathogenic: villous atrophy, necrotic enteritis, crypt hyperplasia > Nonhemorrhagic diarrhea 7-10d. Feces yellow > gray/pasty, increasing fluidity; dehydration. Dx: 7-14d pigs, diarrhea unresponsive to abx; oocysts 1-2d after CS, biopsy
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Warm temp à rapid sporulation and outbreaks. Contaminated farrowing crates = reservoir, Tx: new BayCox = effective. Control: elevated floors in farrowing. Usually not a problem in wel-managed facilities
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Isospora canis
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Generally no pathology (ingestion of 1 x 10^5). Pathology associated w/ kennels, crowding, poor sanitation = accumulation of sporulated oocysts. Risk: nursing/weaned, immunosuppressed, stressed. CS: bloody/mucoid diarrhea, abdominal pain, dehydration, anorexia, emesis.
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Ubiquitous, worldwide. Sporulation time <3d. USUALLY NOT A PROBLEM. Almost all puppies/kittens develop infection but no need to treat. All-in-all-out in 3.5 weeks = clear with good sanitation. Control: clean/dry area, limit exposure to intermediates. Tx: andimicrobials, not specific for coccidia; limited efficacy; LIMIT RE-EXPOSURE
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Isospora wallacei
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Generally no pathology (ingestion of 1 x 10^5). Pathology associated w/ kennels, crowding, poor sanitation = accumulation of sporulated oocysts. Risk: nursing/weaned, immunosuppressed, stressed. CS: bloody/mucoid diarrhea, abdominal pain, dehydration, anorexia, emesis.
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Ubiquitous, worldwide. Sporulation time <3d. USUALLY NOT A PROBLEM. Almost all puppies/kittens develop infection but no need to treat. All-in-all-out in 3.5 weeks = clear with good sanitation. Control: clean/dry area, limit exposure to intermediates. Tx: andimicrobials, not specific for coccidia; limited efficacy; LIMIT RE-EXPOSURE
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Isospora felis
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Generally no pathology (ingestion of 1 x 10^5). Pathology associated w/ kennels, crowding, poor sanitation = accumulation of sporulated oocysts. Risk: nursing/weaned, immunosuppressed, stressed. CS: bloody/mucoid diarrhea, abdominal pain, dehydration, anorexia, emesis.
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Ubiquitous, worldwide. Sporulation time <3d. USUALLY NOT A PROBLEM. Almost all puppies/kittens develop infection but no need to treat. All-in-all-out in 3.5 weeks = clear with good sanitation. Control: clean/dry area, limit exposure to intermediates. Tx: andimicrobials, not specific for coccidia; limited efficacy; LIMIT RE-EXPOSURE
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Sarcocystis cruzi: Also: ovicanis, ovifelis, bovifelis, bovicanis
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Dog: no pathology. Cattle: Dalmeny disease = cysts in tissues; replicate by binary fission. Anorexia, pyrexia, anemia, wt loss, loss of hair on tail (rat tail). Mortality ~1mo PO (10^5-6 sporocysts required). Dx: sporocysts containing sporozoites. Serology.
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Highly host-specific, Sporocyts can survive for several months in environment. Sarcocysts can stay in muscle of prey for years. Mature cysts 11w PI. Shedding of oocytes in dog by 9d PI. Control: Don’t let dogs poop in pasture; don’t feed raw meat to dog/cat (most common where home slaughter occurs). Tx: not much info for drugs
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Sarcocystis neurona
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Equine protozoal myelitis (EPM). Neurologic lesions (focal, circumscribed, may be asymmetric); 5% brain, 95% spinal cord. Unpredictable: asymmetric ataxia, weakness, focal mm atrophy (esp masseter, gluteal), chronic lameness, seizures, urinary incontinence. Dx: CS, serology (cross-react with nonpathogenic Sarcocystis), Western blot. Only negative serology definitive. Parasite Ag or Ab in spinal fluid diagnostic.
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Sporocysts survive ~1yr, latent 2yr. Prevalence > 50% in some areas. Tx: must begin early (2-4w of onset of clinical signs). Trimethoprine-sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine + anti-inflammatory, 6-12 weeks. Repeat when animal stress. 60-70% improve, 10-20% completely resolve, 20% relapse, may not clear. New World only (opossums). Transported hay can be contaminated with possum poop. Neospora caninum + Toxoplasma may also be cause of EPM-like dz in horses.
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Toxoplasma gondii
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Cat: normally no dz. Enteritis, lnn enlargement, encephalitis, pneumonia (FIV+). Dogs: fever, anemia, resp (lung nodules), hemorrhagic diarrhea, lnn; ass. w/distemper Vx (immunosuppression). Sheep: CNS, circling, abortion. Swine: like dog; common, only risk if uncooked meat. Horses: common (serology), little dz. EPM-like dz? Humans: most asymptomatic (most isolates avirulent) Lymphadenopathy, fever, meningoencephalitis, ocular lesions, myocarditis. Fetal: more common if mom infected LATE in preg, but more severe in infected EARLY. Abortion, CNS pathology (calcification, hydrocephalus, microcephaly, psychomotor disturbances, retardation, blind/deaf); infection at birth à fever, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly. Immunosuppressed (HIV+): cerebral toxoplasmosis: generally CNS, reactivation of old infection. Dx: serology (IgM vs. IgG), ID organisms, look at fetal tissues Don’t bother looking at cat feces for oocysts (shed short time).
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Little host-specificity; infects all warm-blooded vertebrates. Virulence varies with strain. BUT single serotype infection= immunity against all strains, “Fear not the cat”: pregnant women have less to fear from cats than from uncooked meat or gardening. 3000 pregnant women transmit infection to fetuses each year. 8% beef, 20% lamb/pork infected. Indoor cats unlikely to carry infection. Transmission uncommon. Older outdoor cats more likely to be infected, but less likely to transmit (younger cats more likely to have acute infection). Pregnant? Avoid litter box or scoop q24hr (cat passes noninfectious oocysts; takes 3-4d à 2-3w for oocysts to become infective). Treat cat bites with abx. Cook meat, don’t eat raw oysters, wash veggies, wear gloves in garden/sandbox. Testing before pregnancy: Mom positive: you are fine. Cat positive: you are fine. Cat negative, outdoor: be afraid. Tx: drugs effective against tachyzoites + gamonts, not encysted bradyzoites
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Neospora caninum
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Misdiagnosed as Toxo (must distinguish antigenically). Dogs: hindlimb paresis, ascending limb paralysis; CS most severe in 5-6w old pups. Affects skin, mm, nerve, cardiac. Sheep/cattle: neonatal mortality, transmission to offspring.
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“Canine toxoplasmosis”. Tx: as for T. gondii, best if early; may take many months to recover. Steroids may exacerbate. Control (ruminants): cull seropositive cows, control canids. NOT ZOONOTIC
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Babesia canis
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Acute/chronic; can be asymptomatic!! Lethargy, depression, pale MM, bilirubinuria; fever (50%), lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, jaundice, may be NORMAL. Anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperglobulinema (AB), hyperbilirubinemia, liver enzymes, mild azotemia, metaboblic acidosis; nothing pathognomonic!! Blood smear: dif-quick on oil; capillary blood (ear or toenail). False+ due (debris or H20); neg does not rule out. Serology: not always cross-reactive between species = test all. Ab not always present. Do acute and convalescent titers. PCR: positive = infection; negative = no infection OR parasite load low; required to differentiate spp. Can be Ab+ and PCR-, or vice versa.
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5% of NC dogs seropositive. Most common in kennels. Was exotic, now in most states; from pit bull fighting in SE Asia. Breed predilection: Greyhounds. Tx: imidocarb diproprionate
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Babesia gibsoni
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Breed predilection: American pit bull terriers. Tx: Imidocarb only reduces morbidity. Atovaquone/azithromycin clears
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Cytauxzoon felis
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2 manifestations: (1) depression, lethargy, anorexia, fever, jaundice, dyspnea, death within 1week OR (2) asymptomatic, persistent parasitemia. Pancytopenia, hyperbilirubinemia, DIC. RBC (merozoites, mimnimal path). MPs (schizonts, pathology from occluding small vessels) > multiorgan ischemic failure. Dx: blood smear (signet-ring shape), cytology (liver, spleen lung) for shizont-laden MPs, necropsy, PCR
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Bobcats asymptomatic reservoir. Emerging disease: 1st reported in domestic cat in 1976; spreading across US. Tx: efficacy controversial. Early tx of tissue phase important (ischemic damage); pathogenic vs. nonpathogenic strains, genetics. Imidocarb = ~0% survival. Atovaquoneazithromycin (ongoing trial) = survival near 66%. Some cats remain carriers after tx.
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Plasmodium gallinaceum
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Exoerythrocytic stages in endothelium: vessel occlusion, tissue anoxia, anemia from RBC stages. Spleen, brain, liver, RE system. Paralysis d/t brain endothelium, anemia. 80% mort, recovered carriers. Birds die before blood stages appear. Dx: blood exam, tissue exam
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Factors affecting transmission: temp, life span of mosquito, host preference, feeding behavior. Several good drugs; eradicated from US but risk of reintro d/t smuggling birds.
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Leuco-cytozoon simondi
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Splenomegaly, liver hypertrophy and degeneration, anemia, emaciation, weakness, incoordination. Up to 90% mort for turkey poults. Die 2-3d after CS (cough, bronchitis). Dx: organisms in WBCs
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Control: control vector (Simulium, black fly, buffalo gnat)
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Leuco-cytozoon smithi
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Splenomegaly, liver hypertrophy and degeneration, anemia, emaciation, weakness, incoordination. Up to 90% mort for turkey poults. Die 2-3d after CS (cough, bronchitis). Dx: organisms in WBCs
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Control: control vector (Simulium, black fly, buffalo gnat)
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Hemoproteus
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Usually nonpathogenic; must be differentiated from Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon
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