2 Intro To Anatomy And Physio

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the science of studying the functional activities and its mechanisms in biological body.

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Physiology

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Physiology is derived from the greek word

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Physis means nature and logos means study

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Who emphasized the relationship between structure and function

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Artistotle

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Who was the first to perform experiments to understand the function of the body; so known to be father of physiology

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Galen

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The first “physiologist” of the world, in the modern sense

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William harvey

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propounded the concept of milieu interieur or internal environment and established physiology as the scientific basis of medicine.

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Claude bernard (1813-1878)

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THE FATHER OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY IS THE FRENCH PHYSIOLOGIST

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CLAUDE BERNARD

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Give some subdivision of Physiology

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viral physiology, bacterial physiology, cellular physiology, plant physiology, human physiology

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the science of studying the rule of physiological functions in human body.

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Human Physiology

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What is the Atoms that combine to form molecules

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Chemical level

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Molecules form organelles

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Cell level

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Similar cell and surrounding material make up tissue

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Tissue level

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Different tissues combine to form organ

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Organ level

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Organs, such as urinary bladder, kidneys, make up an organ

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Organ systems level

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Organ systems make up with organism

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Organism level

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This separates the cell contents, or cytoplasm, from the extracellular fluid.

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plasma membrane (cell membrane)

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It is a general term for the material located between the plasma membrane and the membrane surrounding the nucleus. Its consistency varies from that of thin maple syrup to almost-set gelatin. It contains many more proteins than does extracellular fluid

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Cytoplasm

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Cytoplasm are subdivided into

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Cytosol and organelle

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fluid part of cytoplasm, also called intracellular fluid. It may contain various types of insoluble materials

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Cytosol

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intracellular structures with specific functions

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Organelles

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are isolated from the cytosol by phospholipid membranes, just as the plasma membrane isolates the cytosol from the extracellular fluid.

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Membranous organelles

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are not completely enclosed by membranes, and, in many, all of their parts are in direct contact with the cytosol

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Nonmembranous organelles

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What are the membranous oraganelles

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Peroxisomes

Lysosomes

Golgi apparatus

Endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria

Nucleus

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What are the nonmembranous oraganelle

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Cytoskeleton

Microvilli

Centrioles

Cilia

Ribosomes

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STRUCTURE: Vesicles (membranous sacs) containing degradative enzymes.

FUNCTION: Break down fatty acids and organic compounds; neutralize toxic compounds generated in the process

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Peroxisome

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STRUCTURE: Vesicles containing digestive enzymes.FUNCTION: Break down large organic compounds, damaged organelles, and pathogens (disease-causing agents)

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Lysosome

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STRUCTURE: Membrane extensions containing microfilaments

FUNCTION: Increase surface area to help absorption of extracellular materials

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Microvilli

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STRUCTURE: Stacks of flattened membranes (cisternae) containing chambersFUNCTION: Modify and package proteins

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Golgi apparatus

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STRUCTURE: A nucleoplasm (fluid in the nucleus) containing enzymes, proteins, DNA, and nucleotides surrounded by a double membrane, the nuclear envelope.

FUNCTION: Control metabolism, store and process genetic information, control protein synthesis

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Nucleus

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STRUCTURE: Network of membranous sheets and channels extending through out the cytoplasm.FUNCTION: Synthesize secretory products; store and transport substances inside the cell

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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It has no attached ribosomes, synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

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Smooth ER

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It has ribosomes bound to the membranes, modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins.

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Rough ER

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STRUCTURE: Proteins organized in microfilaments (fine filaments) or microtubules slender tubest organuing center that contains a pair of centiñoles

FUNCTION: Strengthen and a support celt move cellular structures and materials

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Cytoskeleton

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STRUCTURE: Double membrane with inner membrane folds enclosing important metabolic enzymes

FUNCTION: Produce 15 percent of the cell's ATP

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Mitochondrion

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FUNCTION: Syrsthesize proteinsSTRUCTURE: RNA and proteins; fixed ribosomes bound to rough ER free ribosomes scattered in cytoplasm

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Ribosomes

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Tissues are classified by

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

MUSCLE TISSUE

NEURAL TISSUE

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Covers exposed surfaces

Lines internal passageways and chambers

Produces glandular secretions

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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-Fills internal spaces

-Provides structural support

-Stores energy

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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Contracts to produce active movement

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MUSCLE TISSUE

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Conducts electrical impulses

Carries information

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NEURAL TISSUE

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Body systems work together (Integration of function)

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Hemeostasis

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- Vital to integration & homeostasis - Cells communicate with other cells, tissues & organs

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Communication and movement across cell membranes

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Bones, cartilage, and ligaments (which steady the bones at the joints).

Function:

Provides body support and protection, permits movement and leverage, produces blood cells (hematopoiesis), and stores minerals.

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Skeletal system

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Skeletal muscles of the body and their tendinous attachments.

FUNCTIONS

Effects body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat.

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Muscular system

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Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.

FUNCTIONS Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract.

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Lymphatic system

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The body organs concerned with movement of respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) to and from the pulmonary blood (the blood within the lungs).

FUNCTIONS Supplies oxygen to the blood and eliminates carbon dioxide; also helps to regulate acid–base balance.

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Respiratory system

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The integument (skin) and structures derived from it (hair, nails, and oil sweat glands).

FUNCTIONS Protects the body, regulates body temperature, eliminates wastes, and receives certain stimuli (tactile, temperature, and pain).

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Integumentary system

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The body organs that render ingested foods absorbable.

FUNCTIONS Mechanically and chemically breaks down foods for cellular use and eliminates undigested wastes.

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Digestive system

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Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs such as the eye and the ear.

FUNCTIONS Detects and responds to changes in internal and external environments, enables reasoning and memory, and regulates body activities.

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Nervous system

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The hormone- producing glands. • Hypothalamus • Pineal gland • Pituitary gland • Thyroid • Parathyroid • Thymus • Adrenal gland • Pancreas • Ovaries • Testes

FUNCTIONS Controls and integrates body functions via hormones secreted into the bloodstream.

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Endocrine system

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The heart and the vessels that carry blood or blood constituents (lymph) through the body.

FUNCTIONS Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones; protects against disease and fluid loss; helps regulate body temperature and acid–base balance.

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Cardiovascular system

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The organs that operate to remove wastes from the blood and to eliminate urine from the body.

FUNCTIONS Removes various wastes from the blood; regulates the chemical composition, volume, and electrolyte balance of the blood; helps maintain the acid–base balance of the body.

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Urinary system

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The body organs that produce, store, and transport reproductive cells (gametes, or sperm and ova).

FUNCTIONS

Reproduce the organism, produce sex hormones.

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Female & Male reproductive system