102 Test 2 Diabetes Type 1

Front 1

type 1 diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterised by the absense of ...

Back 1

insulin production and secretion from autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Used to be called junvenile or insulin dependent diabetes. Now its IDDM.

Front 2

a type one illnes that puts people into the hospital is diabetic keytonacidosis or DKA. what is this?

Back 2

DKA is a type 1 problem that puts people into the hospital for not following their strict diabetic routine. Its keytone acidosis. makes them ill or makes an infection etc.

Front 3

so type 1 diabetes is IDMM because its an insulin-dependant diabetes. what does this mean1

Back 3

this Dx results from not having insulin so its insulin dependent

Front 4

people don't inherit type 1 DM but ...

Back 4

do inherit genetic predisposition toward developing it. People w/ HLA or certain human leukocyte antigens. most type 1 pts have HLA types DR3 or DR4. if someone has DR3 or DR4 they have a 10-20 times risk of getting DM.

Front 5

regardless:
destruction of beta cells causes:

Back 5

decreased insulin production
unchecked glucose production by the liver
fasting hyperglycemia

Front 6

at what point does BG exceed the renal thresholds for glucose?

Back 6

180-200 mg/dL
at this point glucose will start to show up in the urine. this is called glucosuria. this causes excess loss of fluids and electrolytes.

Front 7

what is it called to loss fluids and electrolytes from the kidneys passing glucose into the urine?

Back 7

osmotic diuresis.

Front 8

insulin normally inhibits glycogenolysis. what is this?

Back 8

glycogenolysis is breakdown of stored glucose. insulin also prevents / inhibits gluconeogensis, production of new glucose from amino acids etc

Front 9

so what happens now when the body's insulin cannot now stop glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis from happening?

Back 9

these process now happen in an uncontrolled fashion causing hyperglycemia.

Front 10

what else horrible happens that even further contributes to hyperglycemia?

Back 10

fat breakdown occurs w/ increases production of keytone bodiesm a byproduct of fat breakdown

Front 11

well, type 1 guy has keytones flying around, an acid - base balance now out of whack, this results in DKA which causes:
pain, nausea, vomiting, hyperventilation, fruity breath, altered consciousness, coma, and death. what can be done now about this?

Back 11

insulin Tx asap
along w/ fluids & electrolytes
is critical to Tx hyperglycemia and DKA to improve the metabolic abnormalities

Front 12

DM has a huge economic cost. not only but social physical and emotional costs too. its the leading cause of blindness, non traumatic amputations, and $$$ dialysis from nephropathy, kidneys are always affected. what other problems does DM cause?

Back 12

cardiovascular disease
myo cardio infarctin
strokes
etc related to DM

Front 13

we are now seeing type 2 in kids now!

which situation causes the organ damage, low or high blood sugar?

Back 13

higher blood sugar causes all the damage in organs and creates the long effects.

Front 14

how does our body regulate BG

Back 14

insulin absorbs BG
glucogon raises BG

Front 15

******************************
know gluco neogenesis
******************************
know glyco genolysis

Back 15

gluco neogenesis = breakdown of stored glucose, production of new glucose from amino acids and other substrates. insulin normally prohibits this

glycogenolysis = breakdown of stored glucose. insulin normally inhibits this

but people w/ insulin defencicies, these both happen unrestrained & contribute to hyperglycemia! Also, fat breakdown results w/ making keytone bodies, an acid which disturbs the acid/base balance. This results in DKA & makes you vomit, nausea, hyperventilation, fuity breath, altered level of consciousness, coma, death.

Front 16

how could your BG be high in the morning, a high fasting BG first thing in the morning, why? you haven't eaten anything?

Back 16

the liver, after fasting for so long, the BG goes down after a few hours, the liver starts to releases stored glycogen. After 7-8 hours the liver will start to produce glucose from other sources.

Front 17

what does ketones in the urine indicate

Back 17

your body is breaking up fat.

Front 18

you will see acidosis in type 1 and what is that

Back 18

the accumilation of keytone bodies