Path 404: Structure And Function Of The Hemopoietic And Immune System

Front 1

Most blood cells are made where?

Back 1

the bone marrow

Front 2

Neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes are known as ________.

Back 2

leukocytes

Front 3

Megakaryocytes fragment to form ________.

Back 3

platelets

Front 4

All bone marrow derived cells are descended from a _____ cell.

Back 4

stem

Front 5

The hormone made by the kidney that boosts red blood cell production is ___________.

Back 5

erythopoietin

Front 6

True or false: Blood cells stop dividing when they reach maturity.

Back 6

true

Front 7

_________ is the fluid portion of the blood containing water, proteins, and nutrients.

Back 7

plasma

Front 8

Essentially, what is serum?

Back 8

the plasma minus most clotting proteins

Front 9

What are the functions of the plasma?

Back 9

1) maintain homeostasis
2) transport nutrients and electrolytes
3) carry waste products for excretion

Front 10

Red blood cells are also known as ___________ and their main function is to carry ______ and _______.

Back 10

erythrocytes, oxygen, CO2

Front 11

___________ refers to the fraction of blood volume occupied by red cells.

Back 11

hematocrit

Front 12

What is the name of the oxygen carrying molecule found in red blood cells.

Back 12

hemoglobin

Front 13

Which three nutrients are required for red cell production?

Back 13

iron, vitamin B-12, and folic acid

Front 14

White blood cells are also known as _________ and their main function is to __________.

Back 14

leukocytes, fight infection

Front 15

The white blood cell that is a phagocyte and eats bacteria is a _________.

Back 15

neutrophil

Front 16

The white blood cell that makes antibodies and kills foreign cells is the _________.

Back 16

lymphocyte

Front 17

True or false: Red cells, neutrophils, and megakaryocytes each derive from different stem cells.

Back 17

false

Front 18

What is the main function of the T-lymphocyte?

Back 18

regulation of the immune system

Front 19

What is the main function of the B-lymphocyte?

Back 19

antibody production

Front 20

A B-cell will differentiate into a ________ cell when stimulated to make antibodies.

Back 20

plasma cell

Front 21

What are the functions of of monocytes/macrophages?

Back 21

1) phagocytosis 2) digests foreign molecules 3) produces hormones (cytokines)

Front 22

True or false: Macrophages are found both circulating in the blood and in tissues.

Back 22

false

Front 23

The biggest lymphoid organ in the body is the ________.

Back 23

spleen

Front 24

When the genetic rearrangements in lymphocytes needed to keep up with immune functions go awry, it can give rise to _______________.

Back 24

lymphoid cancers

Front 25

The reduction in total circulating red cell mass is known as ________.

Back 25

anemia

Front 26

Name the signs and symptoms of anemia.

Back 26

fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain, tachycardia, and pallor

Front 27

True or false: In general, anemia that develops slowly produces more severe symptoms.

Back 27

false

Front 28

What are the two general causes of anemia?

Back 28

1) decreased red cell production 2) rapid red cell destruction

Front 29

Larger than normal red cells are classified as _________ whereas smaller than normal red cells are classified as _________.

Back 29

macrocytic, microcytic

Front 30

Anemia caused by a decreased number of stem cells is called ____________.

Back 30

aplastic anemia

Front 31

True or false: In most cases, a cause for aplastic anemia can't be found.

Back 31

true

Front 32

Anemia of chronic disease is more accurately called anemia of _____________.

Back 32

inflammation

Front 33

What is the most common cause of anemia?

Back 33

iron deficiency

Front 34

True or false: Finding and correcting a source of bleeding is one way to treat anemia.

Back 34

true

Front 35

Pernicious anemia occurs when there is decreased production of _________ which is needed to absorb _________.

Back 35

intrinsic factor, vitamin B-12

Front 36

Pernicious anemia is ___________ because the red blood cells have abnormal/delayed maturation.

Back 36

megaloblastic

Front 37

Which nutrient is needed for DNA synthesis by red cells?

Back 37

folic acid

Front 38

An inherited disorder of hemoglobin production is known as ________.

Back 38

thalassemia

Front 39

What are some general features of hemolytic anemia?

Back 39

1) increased rate of red cell production 2) increased numbers of red cell precursors in marrow and 3) increased number of reticulocytes

Front 40

True or false: High bilirubin levels in blood is a symptom of hemolytic anemia.

Back 40

true

Front 41

True or false: The gene for sickle cell anemia is rarely inherited.

Back 41

false

Front 42

The structural abnormality of hemoglobin seen in sick cell anemia leads to a _________ of hemoglobin.

Back 42

polymerization

Front 43

True or false: Sickle shaped red cells clog small blood vessels. This causes sickle cell disease.

Back 43

true

Front 44

A form of anemia in which the immune system produces antibodies against one's own red cells is know as _____________.

Back 44

autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Front 45

Which organ can be removed to treat autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

Back 45

the spleen

Front 46

Massive hemolysis due to ABO-mismatched blood is an example of a ________ reaction.

Back 46

transfusion

Front 47

A hemolytic disease of the newborn is known as ___________.

Back 47

erythroblastosis fetalis

Front 48

True or false: Do not transfuse an Rh positive woman with Rh negative blood.

Back 48

false

Front 49

When the body has too many red blood cells, this condition is called __________.

Back 49

polycythemia

Front 50

In polycythemia, the blood is too _____.

Back 50

thick

Front 51

A myeloproliferative disorder in which red cell progenitors proliferate uncontrolled is _______________.

Back 51

polycythemia vera

Front 52

In secondary polycythemia, too many red cells are made in response to increased production of ____________.

Back 52

erythropoetin

Front 53

Low levels of neutrophils is known as ___________ and is typically a result of ______ failure.

Back 53

neutropenia, marrow

Front 54

What type of therapy can sometimes cause neutropenia?

Back 54

chemotherapy

Front 55

When there is a very low neutrophil count, there is an increased risk of _______________.

Back 55

bacterial infection

Front 56

Increased neutrophils is known as __________.

Back 56

neutrophilia

Front 57

True or false: increased numbers of neutrophils seen in neutrophilia allows the body to fight infections better.

Back 57

false

Front 58

What can cause enlargement of the lymph nodes?

Back 58

local/system infection or cancer

Front 59

Enlargement of the spleen is called __________. What four things can cause it?

Back 59

splenomegaly
1) infections 2) lymphomas/leukemias 3) liver disease 4) inflammatory disorders

Front 60

Low platelet count is called ___________.

Back 60

thrombocytopenia

Front 61

Leukemias caused by proliferation of immature leukocytes are called _____________.

Back 61

acute leukemias

Front 62

Leukemias caused by proliferation of mature leukocytes are called ____________.

Back 62

chronic leukemias

Front 63

What are the four manifestations of leukemia?

Back 63

1) accumulation of cells in bone marrow
2) accumulation of cells in blood
3) accumulation of cells in other tissues
4) release of toxic substances by leukemic cells

Front 64

True or false: symptoms of leukemia tend to be more severe in acute than in chronic leukemia.

Back 64

true

Front 65

ALL stands for _______________ and its cell of origin is either __ or __ cell precursors.

Back 65

acute lymphoblastic leukemia, B, T

Front 66

True or false: Acute myelogenous leukemia is the most common form of cancer in children.

Back 66

false

Front 67

AML, also known as _________________ is a malignant proliferation of immature _______ precursors.

Back 67

acute myelogenous leukemia, granulocytes

Front 68

The leukemia that is a malignant proliferation of myeloid stem cells and causes an over production of platelets is called __________________.

Back 68

chronic myelogenous leukemia

Front 69

The cell of origin of chronic lymphocytic leukemia is the ___ cell.

Back 69

B

Front 70

True or false: CLL is very rare under the age of 40.

Back 70

true

Front 71

True or false: CLL is often curable.

Back 71

false

Front 72

A cancerous proliferation of lymphocytes and their precursors is called a _________.

Back 72

lymphoma

Front 73

______ grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas are slow growing and have mature appearing cells.

Back 73

low

Front 74

______ grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas are fast growing and have less mature appearing cells.

Back 74

high

Front 75

True or false: Low grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas are often curable whereas the high grade versions are not.

Back 75

false

Front 76

A lymphoma featuring large multinucleated cells (_________ cells) is known as ________ lymphoma.

Back 76

Reed-Sternberg, Hodgkin

Front 77

True or false: Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the more common types of cancer in young adults.

Back 77

true

Front 78

Hodgkin lymphoma almost always originates in the _________.

Back 78

lymph nodes

Front 79

What stage of Hodgkin lymphoma has disease in two or more lymph nodes on the same side of the diaphragm?

Back 79

stage 2

Front 80

What stage of Hodgkin lymphoma has disease that has spread outside of lymph nodes?

Back 80

stage 4

Front 81

True or false: most Hodgkin lymphoma patients can be cured.

Back 81

true

Front 82

A neoplastic disorder that originates in plasma cells is called __________.

Back 82

multiple myeloma

Front 83

Multiple myeloma cells secrete a protein called ____________ instead of normal __________.

Back 83

monoclonal immunoglobulin, antibodies

Front 84

One of the main clinical findings of multiple myeloma is ________ destruction.

Back 84

bone