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In regards to ethnic groups, 70-75% of the population is Turkish, 18% is Kurdish, and the rest is part of a minority group. Most of the country, 99.8%, practices the Muslim religion, and the other small percentage is mostly Christians and Jews. Their official language is Turkish but people do speak Kurdish and other minority languages as well. Turkey is located in Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Seam between Bulgaria and Georgia. It also borders the Aegean Sea and Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria. They have hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters, with harsher weather inland. Their current environmental issues consist of water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents, air pollution in urban areas, deforestation, and concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic. Their natural hazards are similar to those of Greece, consisting of severe earthquakes and volcanism (CIA,
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Since then, it has lent a total of EUR 14.3bn for investment projects in the country. Past projects include both the bridge over, and the tunnel under the Bosphorus, projects financed in 1969 and 2004/05; the modernization of the country’s telephone network, with projects in 1996 and 2006; 45 projects in support of private corporate sector development and job creation; and 14 projects to improve water and wastewater facilities in major cities, such as Ankara, Izmit and Antalya. In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on projects dedicated to renewable sources of energy. The EIB currently lends in Turkey on the basis of an EU budget guarantee and at own risk to its balance sheet, via its Pre-Accession Facility. The current Mandate covering all pre-accession countries including Turkey has a volume of EUR 8.7 billion over the period 2007-13. In 2009, the EIB provided EUR 2.65 billion of loans to Turkey, almost equaling 2008’s record EUR 2.7 billion, and bringing total lending in the five years 2005-2009 to EUR 10.3 billion. Over the same period, roughly 40% of loans were made using the Pre-Accession Facility with own funds, while the rest were made on the basis of the current or previous mandates (European Investment Bank,
Since then, it has lent a total of EUR 14.3bn for investment projects in the country. Past projects include both the bridge over, and the tunnel under the Bosphorus, projects financed in 1969 and 2004/05; the modernization of the country’s telephone network, with projects in 1996 and 2006; 45 projects in support of private corporate sector development and job creation; and 14 projects to improve water and wastewater facilities in major cities, such as Ankara, Izmit and Antalya. In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on projects dedicated to renewable sources of energy. The EIB currently lends in Turkey on the basis of an EU budget guarantee and at own risk to its balance sheet, via its Pre-Accession Facility. The current Mandate covering all pre-accession countries including Turkey has a volume of EUR 8.7 billion over the period 2007-13. In 2009, the EIB provided EUR 2.65 billion of loans to Turkey, almost equaling 2008’s record EUR 2.7 billion, and bringing total lending in the five years 2005-2009 to EUR 10.3 billion. Over the same period, roughly 40% of loans were made using the Pre-Accession Facility with own funds, while the rest were made on the basis of the current or previous mandates (European Investment Bank,