- An arrangement in which mainly the government and has a major responsibility for welfare provision, offering services and benefits to meet people’s basic needs for housing, health, education, and income.(Seeleib-Kaiser, 2013) There are three welfare state regimes by Esping-Andersen(1989),
-Liberal welfare states: Means-tested assistance, modest social insurance plans are predominant and offer limited welfare. US, Canada or the UK are in this regime.
-Conservative welfare states: countries such as Germany or France in which the social hierarchy is considerably strong so traditional family system and private welfare bear large part.
-Social democratic welfare states: Universalism is a principal in these nations and offers the …show more content…
2001. The Globalisation of World Politics. An introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press) In a concept of ‘Social Citizenship’, according to T.H.Marshall (1963), every entitled citizen has equal rights and duties. Rights can be categorized into three by the social condition; Civil, Political, and Social. Different concepts of citizenship lead different principles of right and entitlement in welfare states. (Dwyer, 2004)
However, this concept has a paradox of confliction between social right and market. (Dwyer, 2011) Also, alternative concepts beyond social citizenship should be acknowledged such as around globalization or gender diversity. (O’Connor, 1993)
・ideology
-A set of ‘values, beliefs, myths, explanations, and justifications that appear to the majority to be self-evidently true and morally desirable.’ Dominant ideologies are contained in a society and its culture, legitimize certain politics to promote normal order in a society. However, as they are so obvious, it is hard to realize and challenge them. (Brookfield, 1995, p. …show more content…
It depends not only on income but also on access to services” (UN, 1995, p 57). (Chapter 2 The concept and measurement of poverty David Gordon
Extract from: Pantazis, C., Gordon, D. and Levitas, R. (2006) Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain, Bristol, The Policy Press.)
-relative poverty: A situation in which a life of a person or a family is below the average of a society, namely, an individual cannot live in a certain way materially and culturally. (Townsend, 1979)
However, measuring poverty is hard as the concept and the standard of poverty is differ in individuals or societies.
・de-commodification
- “the degree to which individuals, or families, can uphold a socially acceptable standard of living independently of market participation” (Esping-Ander-sen, 1990: 37). De-commodification is usually operated by the state through providing welfare to protect its citizens, especially aimed to protect the middle class and working class people, from commodified by the market where workers use themselves and their time for the market. (Esping-Andersen,