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386 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is phylum Hemichordata? |
The acorn worms |
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These are marine and live in shallow waters. They are worm-like bottom dwellers |
Phylum Hemichordata |
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Are hemichordates easy or difficult to collect? |
Difficult |
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These have a mucous covered body and a long proboscis |
Acorn worms (Phylum Hemichordata) |
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What taxonomic term was Phylum Hemichordata considered before? |
It was considered a subphylum of Chordata |
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Why is Phylum Hemichordata no longer considered a subphylum of Chordata? |
Hemichordates come from different embryonic origins |
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Do Hemichordates have mucous covered bodies? |
Yes |
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Do Hemichordates have a long proboscis? |
Yes |
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Are all Chordates vertebrates? |
No |
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What Phylum does this describe: Animals with a notochord at some stage in their life cycle? |
Phylum Chordata |
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These are euchordates with a cranium |
Craniata |
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These are the Craniata organisms with jaws |
Gnathostomata |
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These are the bony fishes and tetrapods |
Teleostomi |
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These are the 4 limbed vertebrates |
Tetrapoda |
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These are tetrapods with embryos having extraembryonic membranes |
Amniota |
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What are the 5 hallmark Chordate characteristics? |
1. Notochord 2. Dorsal, tubular (hollow) nerve chord 3. Pharyngeal Slits 4. Endostyle or thyroid gland 5. Postanal Tail |
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This is a flexible, rod-like structure and is the first part of the endoskeleton to form
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Notochord |
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What is the first part of the endoskeleton to form in Chordates? |
A notochord |
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Where does the notochord only appear in invertebrates?
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Only in the embryo |
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____ appears only in the embryo in invertebrates |
Notochord |
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Do all Chordates have a notochord? |
Yes |
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This is dorsal to the notochord in vertebrates |
Dorsal, tubular nerve chord |
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In invertebrates that have this, it is ventral to the digestive tract and solid |
Dorsal, tubular nerve chord |
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In vertebrates, this cord is dosral to the digestive tract and notochord and is a tube |
Dorsal hollow nerve chord |
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In vertebrates, what does the spinal chord form from? |
The dorsal hollow nerve chord |
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What does the anterior end of the dorsal hollow nerve chord become when inflated? |
A brain |
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In vertebrates, what encases the dorsal hollow nerve chord? |
Spinal vertebrae |
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These are perforated gill slits that lead from the inside to the outside |
Pharyngeal Gill Slits |
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Do all Chordates have a dorsal hollow nerve chord? |
Yes |
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What are the precursors to the gills in fish and amphibians? |
Pharyngeal gill slits |
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What do the pharyngeal gill slits do in mammals and birds before hatching? |
They disappear |
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When do the pharyngeal gill slits in mammals and birds disappear? |
Before hatching |
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What is another name for Invertebrates? |
Protochordates |
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What purpose do the Pharyngeal gill slits serve in invertebrates? |
They serve as a feeding mechanism and later, as a respiratory mechanism |
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In the pharyngeal gill slits, what draws in the food?
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Cilia |
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What replaced the cilia in the pharyngeal gill slits, causing them to move from feeding to respiration? |
Muscles (muscular action) |
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What characteristic is found in Chordates and no other group? |
Endostyle (thyroid gland) |
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What is another name for the thyroid gland? |
Endostyle |
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Where is the endostyle of Chordates located?
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Near the pharyngeal floor |
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What is located near the pharyngeal floor of Chordates? |
Endostyle or thyroid gland |
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Why does the Endostyle secrete a mucous? |
It traps food |
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What does the endostyle secrete that traps food? |
Mucous |
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Is the Endostyle present in protochordates (invertebrates)? |
Yes |
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This provides mobility/propulsion in water |
Postanal tail |
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What purpose does the postanal tail serve? |
It provides mobility/propulsion in water |
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Is the postanal tail retained embryologically in all chordates? |
Yes |
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Are chordates bilaterally symmetrical?
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Yes |
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How many germ layers do Chordates have? |
3 |
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Do chordates have segmented muscles in the trunk? |
Yes |
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What kind of circulatory system do Chordates have? |
A closed circulatory system |
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Do Chordates have a ventral or dorsal heart? |
A ventral heart |
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What kind of digestive system do all Chordates have? |
A complete digestive system |
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List some characteristics in addition to the 5 main ones of Phylum Chordata? |
Bilateral symmetry, segmented body, 3 germ layers, coleom, well-developed Segmented muscles in trunk Ventral heart Closed circulatory system Complete digestive system Endoskeleton in many |
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Do chordates have a eucoelomate condition? |
Yes |
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What time period do scientists hypothesize that Chordates have a common origin from?
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The Cambrian Period (in the sea) |
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What was the first theory about where Chordates originated from? |
The theory was that they originated from an annelid/arthropod |
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What theory is more acceptable to scientists about the origin of Chordates than the annelid/arthropod theory? |
That Chordates originated from Echinoderms (called the Deuterstome theory) |
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Are Chordates deuterostomes or protostomes? |
Deuterostomes |
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What phylum does subphylum Urochordata belong to? |
Phylum Chordata |
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Is Subphylum Urochordata home to invertebrates or vertebrates? |
Invertebrates (protochordates) |
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What subphylum is home to the sea squirts (tunicates)? |
Subphylum Urochordata |
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How many species are in subphylum Urochodata? |
1,500-2,000 |
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What kind of larvae does Subphylum Urochordata have? |
Tadpole larvae that shows all 5 hallmark characteristics of Chordates |
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Why are the tunicates (subphylum Urochodata) part of Phylum Chordata? |
Their tadpole larvae show all 5 hallmark characteristics of Chordates |
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The adult form of this subphylum of Chordata are sessile and highly specialized. They only show 2 of the 5 hallmark characteristics of Chordates |
Subphylum Urochordata |
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What are the 2 hallmark Chordate characteristics that adult Urochodrates show? |
Pharyngeal gill slits Endostyle |
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What does the endostyle in tunicates (subphylum urochordata)? |
It produces a mucous food ball |
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What is the tough, non-living outside of the tunicate (sea squirt) called? |
A tunic |
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Does the tunic of the tunicate contain cellulose? |
Yes |
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Where does water come in to the tunicate from? Where does it flow out from? |
In through the incurrent siphon, out through the excurrent siphon |
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What Phylum does subphylum Cephalocordata belong to? |
Phylum Chordata |
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What subphylum is home to the marine lancelets? |
Subphylum Cephalochordata |
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Subphylum ____ closely resembles early vertebrates, but is not the _____ of vertebrates |
Cephalochordata; ancestor |
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Do the Cephalochordates have all 5 of the hallmark characteristics of Chordates? |
Yes |
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What Phylum does subphylum Vertebrata belong to? |
Phylum Chordata |
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What are 4 major characteristics of Subphylum Vertebrata?
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1. Living endoskeleton 2. Pharynx and efficient respiration 3. Advanced nervous system 4. Paired limbs |
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What was the endoskeleton of Subphylum Vertebrata initially made out of? What is it made out of now? |
Cartilage initially, bone now |
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What does the bone endoskeleton of Vertebrata allow for? |
Permits for unlimited body size |
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____ in vertebrates was initially cartilagenous but eventually came to be made of _____. |
Endoskeletons; bone |
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How does the muscular pharynx of Subphylum Vertebrata allow for more efficient respiration? |
The muscles bring water and oxygen over the gills and are highly vascularized |
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What 2 characteristics of the advanced nervous system of Vertebrates are found only in subphylum Vertebrata? |
1. Spinal column made of vertebrae 2. Anterior nerve chord with a brain enclosed in the cranium |
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In subphylum Vertebrata, what is the spinal column made out of? |
It's made of vertebrae |
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What are the 3 characteristics of the advanced nervous system in vertebrates? |
1. Spinal column made of vertebrae 2. Anterior nerve chord with a brain enclosed in the cranium 3. Sense organs |
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What encloses the brain in Subphylum Vertebrata? |
The cranium |
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What are some examples of adaptations for success in Vertebrates? |
1. Living endoskeleton that allows for unlimited growth 2. Pharynx that allows for efficient respiration 3. Advanced nervous system 4. Paired limbs |
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Does Subphylum Vertebrata have paired fins or legs? |
Yes |
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This is part of Garstang's Hypothesis that states the evolutionary retention of juvenile or larval traits in the adult body. |
Paedomorphosis |
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Is Garstang's hypothesis correct? |
No! |
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How many years ago did Gnathostomes appear? What time period was this? |
420 million years ago; Silurian Period |
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Do the Gnathostomes have jaws? |
Yes |
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Do the Gnathostomes have paired fins? |
Yes |
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Where did the jaws of Gnathostomes evolve from? |
The gill arches |
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These were the first jawed gnathostomes and were heavily armored with bony plates |
Placoderms |
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These Gnathostomes had scales instead of bony, armored plates and were the predecessors of bony fishes |
Acanthodians |
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Why are scales better for fish that bony plates? |
They were more streamlined and efficient |
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What were the predecessors of bony fishes? |
Acanthodians (a type of Gnathostome) |
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These are gill-breathing, ectothermic, aquatic vertebrates that possess fins and skin covered by scales |
Fishes |
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How many species of fishes are there? |
28,000 species |
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True or False: The taxonomy of fish is a complete mess |
True |
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This superclass of Subphylum Vertebrata are the jawless fish (cyclostomes) |
Superclass Agnatha |
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What's another name for a jawless fish? |
Cyclostome |
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Are ostracoderms Agnathans? |
Yes |
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What kind of skeletons do Ostracoderms have? |
Cartilagenous skeletons |
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Do Ostracoderms have paired appendages? |
No |
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These are entirely marine Agnathans that are found at great depths and are completely blind |
Hagfish |
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Are hagfish completely blind? |
Yes |
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How do Hagfish maneuver? |
Through touch and smell |
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These Agnathans lack jaws, internal ossifications, and scales. They have an eel-like body with paired fins |
Hagfish |
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Do Hagfish have internal ossifications? |
No |
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Do hagfish have scales? |
No |
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How many species of lampreys are there? |
38 |
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Are lamprey's parasitic? |
Yes |
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The life cycle of the Parasitic Lamprey: Adults reproduce in ____, ___, and the larvae are formed. They ____ in to the _____ and live as larvae for ____ to ____ years, then move towards ____ or _____ |
Streams; die; burrow; substrate; 3; 7; lakes; organs |
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What do nonparasitic lampreys do? |
They live for 1-3 years, mate and die |
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Where did lampreys used to only be found? |
Lake Ontario
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What is Lamprey larvae called? |
Amicydis larvae |
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Does Class Chondrichthyes have swim bladders? |
No |
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Does Class Chondrichthyes have a bone endoskeleton? What is their endoskeleton made of?
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No; Cartilage |
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Are Skates and rays the same thing? |
No |
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What class do skates, rays, and sharks belong to? |
Class Chondrichthyes |
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Class Chondrichthyes are Predators: True or False |
True |
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What are the 2 groups of Class Chondrichthyes? |
Chimeras and Elasmobrands |
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What are some examples of Elasmobrands? |
Sharks, skates, rays |
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What are some examples of Chimeras? |
Ratfishes |
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Are Chimeras exclusively marine? |
Yes |
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This group of Chondrichthyes has a mix of shark-like and bony fish characteristics |
Chimeras |
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How many species of Class Chondrichthyes are there? |
900-1000 |
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Where is Class Chondrichthyes animals generally found? |
In deep, offshore waters |
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These animals in class Chondrichthyes have a caudal fin that is heterocercal and the vertebrae goes in to the fin, placoid scales, a lateral line system? |
Sharks |
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What is a hetercercal tail? What does this help the fish to do?
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It's a tail where one lobe is bigger/different than the other. It helps the shark to stay afloat |
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What helps the shark to stay afloat? |
The heterocercal tail |
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What kind of scales do sharks have? What are these homologous to? |
Placoid scales; Teeth |
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What is the makeup of the placoid scales (it's like teeth)? |
Inner pulp cavity, dentin, and an enamel covering |
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What direction are the scales of a shark pointing? Why? |
Backwards; to reduce drag in the water |
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Shark teeth are ___ ___ scales
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Modified placoid scales |
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Do fish other than the shark have a lateral line system? |
Yes |
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What does the lateral line system do? What is another name for it? |
Allow fish to sense their environment; distance touch |
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The lateral line system consists of ___ ___ found in the ____ |
Sensory pits; epidermis |
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What can the lateral line system detect? |
Electrical activity Ocean currents Closer water currents Earth's magnetic field |
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Do sharks have a lateral line around their head in addition to the midline of their body? |
Yes |
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What time of the day do sharks feed? |
Dawn and dusk |
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Is Osteichthyes a class or a group? Why? |
It's a group because it isn't monophyletic |
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This is the largest and most diverse taxon in nmbers of vertebrates |
Group Osteichthyes |
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What percent of fish are in Group Osteichthyes? What percentage of those are freshwater? |
96%; 40% |
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What are the 2 kinds of fish in the fleshy-finned (lobe finned) group of Osteichthyes fishes?
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Lung fishes Coelocanths |
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These fish have a primitive lung structure as well as gills |
Lung fishes |
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These are likely the tetrapod ancestor |
Coelocanths |
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What are some things that the Coelocanth lineage may have lead to? |
Amphibians and other land vertebrates |
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What are the 2 major groupings in group Osteichthyes? |
Lobe finned fishes Ray-finned fishes |
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How many species of ray-finned fishes are there? |
27,000 |
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This group of Osteichthyes fishes account for half of all vertebrates |
Ray-Finned fishes |
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What are some examples of primitive ray-finned fishes? |
Sturgeons, paddlefish, and gar |
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Why are the gars, paddlefish, and sturgeons considered primitive? |
They have either no scales or primitive scales |
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What are the modern bony fishes called? |
Teleosts |
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This scale type is thick, non-overlapping scales |
Ganoid |
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This scale type is very thin and overlapping |
Cycloid scales |
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This scale type has a serrated edge, like cycloid and is the most efficient at reducing drag |
Ctenoid |
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What is a homocercal tail? |
A tail that the dorsal and ventral lobes are equal in size |
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What kind of scale is most efficient in reducing drag in the water? |
Ctenoid |
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What does a homocercal tail allow for? |
Greater speed and propulsion |
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This kind of tail is used for protection, communication and attachment |
Homocercal Tail |
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These are called fish muscles |
Myomeres |
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What are myomeres? |
Fish muscles |
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These are thick, and composed of zig-zag bands of muscles called ____ |
Myomeres |
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Where are myomeres useful? |
They allow for best movement and are most flexible |
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What maintains neutral buoyancy in fish? |
Swim bladders |
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What are swim bladders mostly made of? |
Nitrogen and oxygen |
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Are there different kinds of swim bladders for freshwater and saltwater? |
Yes |
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What percentage of the body does a saltwater swimbladder make up? A freshwater swimbladder? |
5%; 7% |
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Do benthic (bottom-dwelling) Teleosts have swim bladders? |
No |
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Do Teleosts (modern bony fish) have homocercal or heterocercal tails? |
Homocercal |
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What allows the Teleost (modern bony fish) to take in oxygen from water? |
The gill filaments |
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In modern Teleosts, this is the pumping mechanism with a stream-lined design to reduce drag |
Operculum |
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This reproductive term means egg producing |
Oviparous |
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This reproductive term means to give birth to live young and the female provides nutritional support within the reproductive system |
Viviparous |
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This reproductive term means to have the ability to produce live eggs that hatch within the female reproductive tract but no nutritional support is provided |
Ovoviparous |
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Are fish monecious or dioecous, generally? |
Dioecious |
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Do fish externally fertilize their eggs? Do the young develop externally? |
Yes; Yes |
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Do fish lay large or small numbers of eggs? |
Large
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What are 3 characteristics of reproduction in fishes? |
1. Dioecious 2. External fertilization and development 3. Lay large numbers of eggs |
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These are terrestrial, 4 limbed vertebrates |
Tetrapods |
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What are some examples of tetrapods? |
Amphibians Amniotes |
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What are examples of amniotes? |
Nonavian reptiles Birds Mammals |
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During what time period did organisms begin to evolve to leave the water? |
The Devonian Period |
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What are some reasons that organisms evolved to leave the water? |
1. Competition in the water 2. Lack of food in the water/abundance of food in interterrestrial habitats 3. Egg laying 4. Water was becoming shallow and stagnant |
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Why was oxygen content a problem for coming to land? |
There was more oxygen available (20x more) on land than in water and it diffuses more quickly |
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What was a problem with the density of air for organisms coming to land? |
Air was less buoyant than water, proved problematic for limbs. Caused structural modification |
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What was a problem with the temperature regulation when coming to land for evolving organisms? |
There's a larger range of temperatures on land and animals had to adjust body temperature to accommodate |
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Was dessication a problem for organisms that were evolving to live on land? |
Yes |
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What were some of the problems facing animals evolving to live on land from the water? |
1. High oxygen content 2. Air density/ gravity 3. Temperature regulation 4. Dessication |
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Early lungs were ____ of the ____
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Outgrowths of the pharynx |
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What kind of circulation do fishes have: single or double? |
Single |
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What does it mean to have a single circulation system?
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That the blood moves from the tissues over the gills back to the tissues |
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What is the path of double circulation? Blood from the body, low in ___ moves to the lungs where the O2 is replenished. The blood then goes to the ____ _____, to the ____ and back to the body. Oxygen coming from the body enters the ___ ____ and starts the process all over again. |
oxygen; left atrium; ventricle; right atrium |
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Why were limbs an important structural advancement for animals moving to land? |
It helped with travel on land |
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What became the first primitive limbs? |
Lobed fins |
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Why did early tetrapods need the extra support of limbs? |
To deal with gravity |
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What covered the bodies of early amphibians? What did this become? |
Scales; glandular skin |
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What kind of skin does amphibians have? |
Glandular skin |
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Did early tetrapods and amphibians have lubricated eyes with lids to help deal with dessication? |
Yes |
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Did tetrapod body design begin moving away from the lateral line system? |
Yes |
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What time period did the Devonian give way to? What is this period known as?
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Carboniferous; Age of Amphibians |
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How many species of amphibians are there? |
6,000 |
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These are known as smooth animals leading a double life |
Amphibians |
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What are some structural modifications that early tetrapods made in order to live on land? |
1. Early lungs 2. Double circulatory system 3. Limbs |
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Why are amphibians still tied to the water? |
For reproduction purposes |
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Are amphibians still tied to an aquatic environment?
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Yes
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The life cycle of an amphibian: Aquatic eggs ---> aquatic ____ ___ with ____ ---> Metamorphosis -----> adult with ____ |
larval form gills; lungs |
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What Order of Phylum Chordata is home to the salamanders and newts? |
Order Caudata |
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What's another name for Order Caudata? |
Urodela |
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How many species are in Order Caudata (Urodela)? |
500 species |
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The characteristics of Order ____ are:
1. Skin is smooth and must remain moist 2. Adult and larval form are carnivorous 3. Lack claws, scales, external ear openings 4. Primitive limbs set to 90 degree angle |
Caudata |
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What kind of skin does Order Caudata (newts and salamanders) have? |
Smooth skin that must remain moist |
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Are the adult and larval form of Order Caudata (newts and salamanders) carnivorous?
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Yes |
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What kind of respiratory systems can Order Caudata have? |
Gills, lungs, both or neither |
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Does Order Caudata have claws? Ear openings? |
No; NO |
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What kind of limbs does Order Caudata have? |
Primitive limbs set to 90 degree angles |
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How does Order Caudata reproduce? |
Internally, through a spermatophore (via a cloaca directly in to the reproductive tract) |
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Do salamanders and newts (Order Caudata) exhibit parental care? |
Not really |
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What kind of respiratory system do all salamanders and newts (Order Caudata) have when they hatch? |
Gills |
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What Family do 60% of salamanders belong to? |
Family Plethodontidae |
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What Family of salamanders does not have gills or lungs, but instead breathe through the skin (cutaneous respiration) and buccapharayngeal respiration? |
Family Plethodontidae |
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What is it called when on organism breathes through its skin? |
Cutaneous respiration |
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What is it called when organisms pant through mouth and the transfer of O2 and CO2 happens in the mouth? |
Buccapharyngeal respiration |
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Where do you find most salamanders? |
In fast flowing, cool streams |
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Where is the greatest diversity of salamanders found? |
In the Great Smoky Mountains |
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This also can mean that an organism can reach sexual maturity but maintain larval characteristics |
Paedomorphosis |
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What's another name for Order Anura? |
Order Salientia |
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How many species are in order Salientia? |
5,300 |
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What kinds of organisms make up Order Anura? |
Frogs and Toads |
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This Order of Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata have no tail in adults and exhibit no paedomorphosis. They are herbivorous as juveniles and carnivorous as adults |
Order Anura |
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Order Anura (frogs and toads) are ____ as juveniles and ____ as adults (feeding type) |
herbivorous; carnivorous |
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Do salamanders have complex courtship? |
Yes |
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Do frogs and toads have complex courtship? |
No |
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What reproductive characteristic are frogs and toads known for? |
Advertisement calls |
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These types of Order Anura organisms are terrestrial with thicker skin |
Toads |
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What do all organisms in Order Anura require to lay eggs? |
Moisture/water |
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What are some defense characteristics of Order Anura (frogs and toads)? |
Crypticity Enlarged eyespots Toxic skin secretions |
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Where do poison arrow frogs get their poison from? |
The food that they eat |
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What Phylum and Subphylum does Order Gymnophiona belong to? |
Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata |
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What is another name for Order Gymnophiona? |
Apoda |
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How many species are in order Apoda? |
200 |
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What kinds of organisms are in Order Apoda? |
Caecilians |
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These are limbless, burrowing creatures that provide parental care |
Caecilians |
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Is Class Reptilia recognized any longer? What is the monophyletic assemblage that they now belong to called? |
No; Amniota |
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What time periods are known as the Age of Reptiles? |
Jurassic and Cretaceous |
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How many years ago did the Age of Reptiles occur? |
100 million years ago |
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What were the first truly terrestrial vertebrates? |
Nonavian reptiles |
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How many species of nonavian reptiles are there? |
8,000 species |
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What group of organisms are defined by dry scaly skin, a shelled amniotic egg, internal fertilization, efficient jaws, ventricular septum, better lung development, and efficient water saving? |
Nonavian reptiles |
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What purpose does the dry, scaly skin of nonavian reptiles serve? |
To prevent dessication |
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Is the skin of reptiles homologous to fish scales? What is it homologous to? |
No; birds/mammals-- it's derived epidermally |
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What is the purpose of the amniotic shell? |
It keeps the embryo moist via extraembryonic membranes |
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What produces the amniotic shell? |
The embryo |
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This part of the amniotic egg encloses the fluid filled cavity in which the embryo develops? What is the human counterpart to this? |
Amnion; amniotic sac |
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What is the purpose of the amnion?
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To protect the developing embryo |
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This part of the amniotic egg is the membranous sac that is responsible for the storage of wastes inside of the egg |
Alllantois |
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This part of the amniotic egg encloses the amnion and the allantois through which oxygen can pass and becomes part of the placenta in humans |
Chorion |
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What surrounds all of the internal parts of the amniotic egg? |
A porous, leathery shell |
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How do Amniotes internally fertilize? |
With a copulatory organ |
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Do Amniotes exhibit internal fertilization? |
Yes |
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Can reptiles move their jaws to the side? |
NO |
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Who has better limb design: amphibians or reptiles? |
Reptiles |
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What Order of reptiles are the turtles? |
Order Testudines |
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This Order of reptiles has no teeth, a horny beak, good smell reception, accurate color perception, a small brain and a large cerebrum? |
Order Testudines |
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What's the dorsal part of a turtle's shell called? |
Carapace |
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What's the ventral part of a turtle's shell called? |
Plastron |
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What kind of brain and cerebellum do turtles have?
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A small brain and a large cerebellum |
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Are turtles oviparous, viviparous, or ovoviparous? What does this mean?
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Oviparous; That they are egg laying |
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These are land turtles |
Tortoises |
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These kinds of turtles are both terrestrial and aquatic |
Turtles |
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These turtles are only found in the water |
Sea turtles |
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Do turtles have teeth? |
No |
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Where do all turtles lay their eggs? |
On land |
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How is the sex of turtle eggs determined? What will warmer temps produce? Colder temps? |
By temperature of incubation; Female; Male |
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What is Order Squamota? |
Lizards and snakes |
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What is the most successful group of nonavian reptiles? |
Order Squamota |
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What percent of reptiles are in Order Squamota? |
95% |
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95% of reptiles belong to Order _____ |
Squamota |
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Why is Order Squamota so successful? |
Because of their moveable (kinetic) skull |
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These Order Squamota organisms have moveable eyelids, keen daylight vision, are diurnal and can see in color, have an external ear, and tail autonomy |
LIzards |
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Do lizards have moveable eyelids? |
Yes
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Are lizards nocturnal or diurnal? What does this mean? |
Diurnal; That they can see in color |
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Do lizards have an external or internal ear? |
External |
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These Order Squamata organisms have no external ear, are limbless, lack pectoral and pelvic girdles, have an extreme kinetic skull, use chemical cues to find prey and are oviparous |
Snakes |
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____ are limbless and lack a _____ and a pelvic girdle |
Snakes; pectoral girdle |
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Are snakes viviparous, oviparous, or oviviparous? |
Oviparous |
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These are the chemosensory organs of snakes used to find food |
Jacobsen's Organs |
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These are the heat sensitive organs of snakes used instead of chemoreceptors |
Pit Organs |
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What animals are found in order Crocodilia? |
Crocodiles and Alligators |
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What Order of reptiles are the largest (physically)? |
Order Crocodilia |
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What reptiles lineage gave rise to the dinosaurs? |
Order Crocodilians |
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These organisms are larger and more aggressive with different temperature patterns for sexual differentiation and exhibit extensive parental care (up to 2 years) |
Crocodiles |
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These animals in Order Crocodilia are smaller and no longer endangered |
Alligators |
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This Order of reptiles are the tuataras |
Order Spenodonta |
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Where is Order Sphenodontia (tuataras) found? |
2 islands off of the coast of New Zealand |
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This Order of reptiles live in burrows with sea birds, have a slow reproductive rate and a low metabolic rate |
Order Sphenodontia |
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How many species are in the Bird Group? |
9,000-10,000 |
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This is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment under changing environmental conditions |
Homeostasis |
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This is when body temperatures varies through the day
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Poikliothermic |
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This is when body temp stays constant throughout the day |
Homeothermic |
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Derives body heat from environment rather than internal metabolic processes |
Ectothermic |
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Depends on internally produced metabolic functions |
Endothermic |
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What groups use endothermic regulation? |
Birds and mammals |
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What groups use ecothermic regulation? |
Everything that's not birds and mammals |
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What are some of the adaptive significances of endothermic regulation? |
1. Can be active all of the time 2. Can be active predators 3. Active year round in all habitats |
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What are some drawbacks of endothermic regulations? |
Have to eat all of the time |
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What was the link between birds and reptiles? |
Archaeopteryx lithographica |
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What special characteristics did Archaeopteryx lithographica exhibit? |
Both bird and reptilian characteristics |
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What bird characteristics did Archaeopteryx lithographica have? |
Feathers Wings Fused clavicle |
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What reptilian features did Archaeopteryx lithographica have? |
Dinosaur skull Teeth Fused claws |
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What size was Archaeopteryx? |
The size of a crow |
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What is the single, unique feature of birds? |
Feathers |
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What are bird feathers homologous to? Where did they originate from?
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Reptilian scales; epidermal in origin |
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What are some adaptations for flight that birds exhibit? |
1. Feathers 2. Skeletons 3. Muscular adaptations 4. Feeding and digestion processes 5. Circulatory system 6. Respiratory system 7. Nervous system 8. Reproduction |
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Do birds have teeth? |
No |
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What kind of a vertebral column and neck do birds have? |
A fused neck with a specialized vertebral column |
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What kind of bones do birds have? What does this mean? |
Pneumatocides; That their bones are light and laced with air cavities |
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What kind of a sternum do birds have? What is this used for? |
A keeled sternum; for the attachment of muscles |
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Birds have a _____ clavicle and ____ forelimbs |
Fused; fused |
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What are 2 important flight muscles for birds? |
Pectoralis muscles and supercordacoideus |
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This bird muscle used for flight controls the lower wings in flight and is larger (it goes against gravity) |
Pectoralis muscle |
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This bird muscle lifts the wings in flight |
Supercoracoideus |
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Are birds endo- or ecto- thermic? |
Endothermic |
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What kind of feeding and digestion do birds use? |
They eat things high in energy and digest very quickly |
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What kind of a heart do birds have? |
A 4 chambered heart |
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What organisms have the best respiratory systems of all? |
Birds |
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Why are bird respiratory systems superior to all other? |
They get oxygen in lungs during both inspiration or expiration |
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What kind of a nervous system do birds have? |
They have well developed cerebral hemispheres and innate fixed patterns |
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Can birds learn? |
Yes |
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Do birds have large cerebellums?
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Yes |
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What does the cerebellum control? |
Movement Coordination |
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_____ have large optic lobes and extremely ___-_____ vision |
Birds; well-developed |
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Do birds have good hearing? |
Yes |
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Do birds have good smell and taste?
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No |
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What do female birds lose of their reproductive tract in order to make them lighter for flight? |
Left ovary and oviduct |
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What do male birds lack in order to make them lighter for flight? |
A penis/copulatory organ |
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What is the opening that everything comes out of in birds? |
Cloaca |
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How do birds reproduce? |
They rub cloacas together to transfer sperm |
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What kind of mating systems to birds exhibit? |
Both monogamy and polygamy |
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Most animals are ____ for reproduction |
Polygamous |
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What group of animals are the most biologically diverse? |
Mammals |
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How many species of mammals are there? |
5,500 |
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What time period is known as the Age of Mammals? |
Cenozoic Period |
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These organisms show transitional features between mammals and reptiles |
Mammal-like reptiles |
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When did the first mammals show up? What time period? |
250-230 million years ago; The Late Triassic |
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What are some general and unique characteristics of mammals? |
Skin glands Hair Mammary glands Placenta Complex cerebral cortex |
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All mammals have this at some stage |
Hair |
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These glands on mammals control temperature and waste elimination |
Sweating glands |
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These mammalian glands provide nourishment of young after birth |
Mammary Glands |
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What group of glands on mammals have the greatest diversity? |
Skin Glands |
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What are some additional examples of skin glands on mammals? |
Scent glands Sebaceous glands |
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What nature does hair have? |
It's epidermal in nature |
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What is mammalian hair homologous to? |
Reptilian scales and bird feathers |
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Mammalian hair allows for ____ of ______
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maintained; endothermy |
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What kind of red blood cells do mammals have an maturity? Why do they have them? |
Enucleated red blood cells; to carry oxygen |
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What kind of hearts do mammals have? |
4 chambered hearts |
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What kind of respiratory system do mammals have? Why is this unique? |
A muscular diaphragm; because it is muscular |
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This is a vascular structure both embryonic and maternal in nature |
Placenta |
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Why is the placenta important? |
It allows humans to get large and increases survival chances at birth |
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What are 2 features of a mammalian reproductive system? |
Placenta Mammary glands |
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Do marsupials have a corpus callosum? |
No |
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Mammals have a ____ developed cerebral cortex with a ____ _____ |
Highly; corpus callosum |
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What are 3 characteristics of the nervous and sensory systems of mammals? |
1. Highly developed cerebral cortex 2. Pinna 3. Ossicles in middle ear |
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What is the pinna in mammals? What does it do? |
Outer ear; intercepts sound waves and directs them to the inner ear |
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This part of the ear in mammals intercepts sound waves and directs them to the inner ear |
Pinna |
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What are the names of the 3 tiny bones in the middle ear? What did they evolve from? |
Incus, mallus, stappes; reptilian jaw |
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What is the job of the 3 auditory ossicles? |
Amplify sound |
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What kind of muscles do mammals have? |
Dermal musculature |
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What group has more facial muscles than any other vertebrate? Is this important for communication? |
Mammals; yes |
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What does it mean to be a homodont?
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That all of the teeth are the same |
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What does it mean to be a heterodont? |
That teeth are different and have different functions |
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Are mammals heterodonts or homodonts? |
Heterodonts |
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What are the benefits of being a heterodont? |
Mammals can specialize and eat all types of food |
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What are the 3 recognized groups of modern mammals? |
Prototheria Metathuria Eutheria |
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These are known as the monotremes and include duck-billed platypus and spiny ant eaters (echindas) |
Protothuria |
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Are Protothurians viviparous, oviparous, or oviviparous? |
Oviparous |
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These animals have a pectoral girdle and lay eggs from a cloaca |
Prototheria |
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Why are Protherians mammal? |
They have hair, mammary glands, and they thermoregulate |
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Do Protherians have nipples? |
No |
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What are the metatherians? |
Marsupials |
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What is different about the Metatherians? But do all marsupials have this? |
They have pouches where their young develop; No |
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How long ago did Metatherians show up? |
130 million years ago |
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What group do most animals belong to? |
Eutheria |
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These are the placental mammals |
Eutheria |
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These mammals are viviparous with a true placenta and are the most successful group of mammals |
Eutheria |
