Zoology Test 9

Front 1

fishes are aquatic vertebrate with _____,_____, and usually a skin covered with ________

Back 1

gills; fins; scales

Front 2

fish _________ the world’s seas, lakes, and streams

Back 2

dominate

Front 3

many animals that are called fish, really are not. examples that are not fish include ___________, cuttlefish, _________, crayfish, and shellfish.

Back 3

jellyfish; starfish

Front 4

likewise, many animal that are fish do not have the word fish in their name. some that are fish include, _________,____, sharks, rays, and skates

Back 4

seahorses; eels

Front 5

fish are thought to be the most primitive _________

Back 5

vertebrates

Front 6

unlike today’s fish, extinct fish had no scales, paired fins, or _________

Back 6

jawbone

Front 7

means “no jaw”

Back 7

agnatha

Front 8

advanced jawed fish, many were large predators and are no extinct:

Back 8

gnathostomata

Front 9

paired fins increased fishes ________ and maneuverability in the water

Back 9

stability

Front 10

in the theory of evolution, the denovian period is nicknamed the “_____ of ______” became of the abundance and diversity of fishes during this period

Back 10

age; fish

Front 11

all ____-______-______ of fish and the three subclasses of osteichthyes were established by the mid-denovian

Back 11

four-living-classes

Front 12

homeostasis: maintain concentrations of _____ and _______ that ______ from their surroundings

Back 12

salt; water; differ

Front 13

however, many species of fish that lived during the denovian are now ________, such as placoderms(_________ fish)

Back 13

extinct; armored

Front 14

dinichthys herzeri is an extinct, giant, marine arthrodire placoderm from the late denovian of _____ and tennessee

Back 14

ohio

Front 15

body shape: _____________ which allows them to move rapidly in water

Back 15

streamlined

Front 16

coloration: most are __________ in which the dorsal surface is ________ than the ventral surface

Back 16

countershaded; darker

Front 17

____: membranous, wing-like or paddle-like organs attached to the body of fish and some other aquatic animals; used for propulsion, steering, or balancing

Back 17

fins

Front 18

which fins are considered paired fins?

Back 18

pelvic fins and pectoral fins

Front 19

buoyancy: bony fish store _____ (in their swim bladder) and cartilaginous fish store ______ (in their liver) to maintain their vertical position in the water

Back 19

gases; lipids

Front 20

circulation: have a ____-chambered heart and ______-loop blood circulation

Back 20

two; single

Front 21

efficient respiration: have internal ____ for gas exchange. gills fan out water and have a lot of _______ area

Back 21

gills; surface

Front 22

marine bony fishes are ___________ __________

Back 22

hypoosmotic regulators

Front 23

the tissues of marine fish are ____ salty then the surrounding water, so water continually leaves through its skin and gills

Back 23

less

Front 24

to avoid dehydration, a marine fish _______ large amounts of water and produces a small amount of _____________ urine

Back 24

drinks; concentrated

Front 25

freshwater fish are ______________ ___________

Back 25

hyperosmotic regulators

Front 26

the tissues of a freshwater fish are saltier than it’s environment, so water is continually entering the body of a freshwater fish through its skin and gills. to overcome this, freshwater fish do not drink water and they produce large amounts of ________ ________

Back 26

dilute urine

Front 27

most fish do not have ________; many sharks do

Back 27

eyelids

Front 28

sound: have _______ ears from which they receive vibrations from water through their body

Back 28

internal

Front 29

fish have ________ and _______ ____. taste buds may be found in their mouth or on lips, fins, skin and ________ (whisker-like organs)

Back 29

nostrils; taste buds; barbels

Front 30

________ _____ system: fish have a system of canals in their skin that allow them to sense __________ in the water

Back 30

lateral line; vibrations

Front 31

the lateral line system is composed of __________ (receptor organs highly sensitive to vibration and water currents)

Back 31

neuromasts

Front 32

jawless fish- super class ________

Back 32

agnatha

Front 33

class agnatha _____ jaws, internal ossification, scales, and paired fins

Back 33

lack

Front 34

pore-like gill opening and an ____-like body form class ________ which includes 70 species of hagfish

Back 34

eel; myxini

Front 35

hagfish are marine, bottom dwelling __________ or predators that feed on dead or _______ fish

Back 35

scavengers; dying

Front 36

hagfishes are blind and quickly attracted to dead/dying fish by their keen senses of _____ and touch

Back 36

smell

Front 37

ampullae of lorenzini: organs located in a cartilaginous fish’s head and can detect the __________ fields generated by living animals (muscles)

Back 37

bioelectric

Front 38

temperature control: poikilothermic ___________

Back 38

ectotherms

Front 39

poikilotherms: body temperature ________ depending on the environment

Back 39

adjusts

Front 40

ectotherms are animals that primarily gain ______ through the environment

Back 40

heat

Front 41

fish belong to

kingdom animalia

phylum __________

subphylum __________

Back 41

chordata; vertebrata

Front 42

osteichthyes- ______ fish (about 90% of all fish species)

Back 42

bony

Front 43

chondrichthyes- cartilaginous fish (_______ and their relatives)

Back 43

sharks

Front 44

myxini- ________

Back 44

hagfish

Front 45

petronyzontida- _________

Back 45

lampreys

Front 46

a hagfish enters a dead or dying animal through an ________ by digging into the body and rips and eats pieces using 2 toothed, keratinizing plates on its tongue that fold together in a pincher-like action

Back 46

orifice

Front 47

nonparasitic lampreys do not _____ after emerging as adults. their digestive tract degenerates to a nonfunctional strand of tissue

Back 47

feed

Front 48

class chondrichthyes: _______, _____, slates, and chimeras

Back 48

sharks; rays

Front 49

almost all chondrichthyes are ________; only 27 species live primarily in freshwater

Back 49

marine

Front 50

chondrichthyes have skeletons made of __________

Back 50

cartilage

Front 51

although calcification may be extensive in their skeletons, bone is entirely _______ throughout the class

Back 51

absent

Front 52

chondrichthyes have skin covered with small tooth-like sounds called _______ scales

Back 52

placoid

Front 53

cartilaginous fish use _________ fertilization

Back 53

internal

Front 54

males have modified pelvic fins called _________, used in copulation to transfer sperm to female

Back 54

claspers

Front 55

hagfish produce enormous quantities of _______

Back 55

slime

Front 56

hagfish release the milk liquid through _______ along its body. when in contact with _________, the fluid forms slime so slippery that it is almost impossible to grasp

Back 56

glands; seawater

Front 57

class petromyzontida includes 88 species of

Back 57

lampreys

Front 58

lampreys can be marine or __________, and _____-living or parasitic

Back 58

freshwater; free

Front 59

parasitic lampreys attach themselves to their host with a _____-shaped mouth and feed on the ________ and body fluids or other fish. they inject an _____________ into the wound to promote blood flow

Back 59

disc; blood; anticoagulant

Front 60

marine forms are ___________: leave the season where they spend their adult lives to swim up streaks to spawn

Back 60

anadromous

Front 61

at _________, the female lamprey attaches to a rock to maintain her position over a nest she makes

Back 61

spawning

Front 62

the male lamprey _________ to the dorsal side of her head and as the eggs she’d into the nest, they are __________ by the male

Back 62

attaches; fertilized

Front 63

lamprey eggs hatch in about 2 weeks, releasing small larvae that look _________ like their parents. larvae are suspension feeders who grow slowly for 3-7 years

Back 63

nothing

Front 64

___________: some sharks and all skates ____ large, yolky _____ immediately after fertilization

Back 64

oviparious; lay; eggs

Front 65

sharks have a ______ _______ to help revive excess sodium and chloride ions from the body

Back 65

rectal gland

Front 66

sharks may initially detect prey from a kilometer or more away using large precise ________ organs and the lateral line system

Back 66

olfactory

Front 67

at closer range, a shark switches to _______ as the primary method of tracking prey

Back 67

vision

Front 68

during the final stage of attack, sharks are guided to their prey by the _________ fields that surround all animals (ampullae of ___________)

Back 68

bioelectric; lorenzini

Front 69

3 sharks responsible for most human attacks: ______ ______ sharks, ______ sharks, and ____ ______

Back 69

great white; tiger; bull

Front 70

not all sharks are predators; some of the largest sharks (_____ shark and ________ shark) are filter feeders and use gill ______ to filter the water for microorganisms

Back 70

whale; basking; rakers

Front 71

smallest shark:

largest:

fastest:

Back 71

dwarf lantern shark; whale shark; short fin mako

Front 72

the spiny ______ shark can live more than _____ years (avg of most species is 20 years)

Back 72

dogfish; 100

Front 73

rays and skates are cartilaginous fish with _________ bodies and flexible wing-like ________ fins and often long _____

Back 73

flattened; pectoral; tails

Front 74

rays are ___________

skates are _________ and use the “mermaids purse”

Back 74

viviparous; oviparious

Front 75

some deposit their eggs in a horny capsule called a “__________ purse”

Back 75

mermaid’s

Front 76

rays have a diamond or disk shaped body while skates have _________-shaped bodies

Back 76

triangular

Front 77

rays are ________ than skates. skates have _____ teeth

Back 77

larger; small

Front 78

oviparious

embryos are nourished from the ______ for a long period before hatching as miniature replicas of adults

Back 78

yolk

Front 79

______________: many shark species which retain developing young in the ________ whole they are nourished by yolk sac until born

Back 79

ovoviviparous; uterus

Front 80

___________: reproduction in which the embryos receive nourishment form the maters bloodstream through a placenta, or from “uterine _____” secretions produces by the mother

Back 80

viviparous; milk

Front 81

some sharks, including sand tigers, exhibit a gruesome type of reproduction in which embryos receive additional nutrition by _________ eggs and _________

Back 81

eating; siblings

Front 82

_________ body shape- like a torpedo, shark bodies are designed to reduce water resistance

Back 82

fusiform

Front 83

sharks posses a heterocercal caudal fun, in which the dorsal position is usually _______ than the ventral position to provide forward thrust and some upward lift as it sweeps back and forth

Back 83

larger

Front 84

sharks have a hard time breathing and maintaining buoyancy when they _____ swimming

Back 84

stop

Front 85

sharks also store large amounts of _______ in the large lobes of the _______. lipids are less dense than water and will help aid in their buoyancy

Back 85

lipids; liver

Front 86

rays and skates are primarily _______ dwellers feeding on mollusks and crustaceans

Back 86

bottom

Front 87

rays and skates draw water into their gills through ________ (2 large openings on top of the head, behind the eyes). gills opening are on the underside of the head but the large spiracles are on the top.

Back 87

spiracles

Front 88

respiratory water enters through these spiracles to prevent _________ the gills, because the most is often buried in sand

Back 88

clogging

Front 89

pacific _________ ray is one of 14 described species of electric rays

Back 89

electric

Front 90

stingrays come in two different general types

1. _______: bottom dwelling

2. _________: swimming

Back 90

benthic; pelagic

Front 91

benthic rays, such as the atlantic stingray, are often found ________ in the sand

Back 91

buried

Front 92

stingrays have ________ spines along or near the base of the tail which can be lashed about quickly in defense

Back 92

venomous

Front 93

what should you do when walking on the beach to avoid getting “spined” by stingrays

Back 93

shuffle your feet when you walk

Front 94

oviparious

embryos are nourished from the ______ for a long period before hatching as miniature replicas of adults

Back 94

yolk

Front 95

the _______ ray is the largest ray reaching up to ____ _______ in width. this ray feeds on ________ and small fish and are completely harmless to humans .

Back 95

manta; 9 meters; plankton

Front 96

who is the manta ray lady? why have manta ray populations gone down?

Back 96

andrea marshal; the chinese kill them for their gill rakes and they only have 1 baby every 2-3 years

Front 97

chimaeras-

know as:

lay eggs in distinctive _________-shaped egg cases

Back 97

ghost sharks, ray fish, spookfish, rabbit fishes; spindle

Front 98

class: osteichthyes includes more than 28,000 species of _____ fish

Back 98

bony

Front 99

osteichthyes have skeletons made of _____ and ________

Back 99

bone; cartilage

Front 100

osteichthyes skeletons are very _______ and provides a strong site attachment

Back 100

strong

Front 101

fish secrete a layer of _______ that covers its entire body. the _________ mucus layer helps protect the fish from infection and disease

Back 101

mucus; antiseptic

Front 102

many species of bony fishes have a gas-filled bladder called a ______ ________

Back 102

swim bladder

Front 103

the swim bladder helps the fish control __________

Back 103

buoyancy

Front 104

_________-composed of bony plates attached to muscles that cover the gills on each side of the head

Back 104

operculum

Front 105

movements of the operculum allow the fish to _____ water over the gills. this enables them to pump water without having to swim(unlike sharks) and ________ ______

Back 105

pump; conserve energy

Front 106

most have a homocercal tail (fin appears _________)

Back 106

symmetric

Front 107

most species are protected by a layer of light, thin, flexible _______

Back 107

scales

Front 108

the scales _______ from head to tail which helps reduce _____ while swimming

Back 108

overlap; drag

Front 109

bony fish scales

1. _________: circular and smooth

2. _________: toothed edge

3. _________: diamond shaped, shiny, and hard

Back 109

cycloid; ctenoid; ganoid

Front 110

growth is _________ dependent

Back 110

temperature

Front 111

___________: reproduction in which the embryos receive nourishment form the maters bloodstream through a placenta, or from “uterine _____” secretions produces by the mother

Back 111

viviparous; milk

Front 112

sharks posses a heterocercal caudal fun, in which the dorsal position is usually _______ than the ventral position to provide forward thrust and some upward lift as it sweeps back and forth

Back 112

larger

Front 113

sharks have a hard time breathing and maintaining buoyancy when they _____ swimming

Back 113

stop

Front 114

sharks also store large amounts of _______ in the large lobes of the _______. lipids are less dense than water and will help aid in their buoyancy

Back 114

lipids; liver

Front 115

___________: some sharks and all skates ____ large, yolky _____ immediyoy after fertilization

Back 115

oviparious; lay; eggs

Front 116

sharks have a ______ _______ to help revive excess sodium and chloride ions from the body

Back 116

rectal gland

Front 117

sharks may initially detect prey from a kilometer or more away using large precise ________ organs and the lateral line system

Back 117

olfactory

Front 118

at closer range, a shark switches to _______ as the primary method of tracking prey

Back 118

vision

Front 119

during the final stage of attack, sharks are guided to their prey by the _________ fields that surround all animals (ampullae of ___________)

Back 119

bioelectric; lorenzini

Front 120

3 sharks responsible for most human attacks: ______ ______ sharks, ______ sharks, and ____ ______

Back 120

great white; tiger; bull

Front 121

not all sharks are predators; some of the largest sharks (_____ shark and ________ shark) are filter feeders and use gill ______ to filter the water for microorganisms

Back 121

whale; basking; rakers

Front 122

smallest shark:

largest:

fastest:

Back 122

dwarf lantern shark; whale shark; short fin mako

Front 123

the spiny ______ shark can live more than _____ years (avg of most species is 20 years)

Back 123

dogfish; 100

Front 124

rays and skates are cartilaginous fish with _________ bodies and flexible wing-like ________ fins and often long _____

Back 124

flattened; pectoral; tails

Front 125

rays are ___________

skates are _________ and use the “mermaids purse”

Back 125

viviparous; oviparious

Front 126

some deposit their eggs in a horny capsule called a “__________ purse”

Back 126

mermaid’s

Front 127

rays have a diamond or disk shaped body while skates have _________-shaped bodies

Back 127

triangular

Front 128

rays are ________ than skates. skates have _____ teeth

Back 128

larger; small

Front 129

rays and skates are primarily _______ dwellers feeding on mollusks and crustaceans

Back 129

bottom

Front 130

rays and skates draw water into their gills through ________ (2 large openings on top of the head, behind the eyes). gills opening are on the underside of the head but the large spiracles are on the top.

Back 130

spiracles

Front 131

respiratory water enters through these spiracles to prevent _________ the gills, because the most is often buried in sand

Back 131

clogging

Front 132

pacific _________ ray is one of 14 described species of electric rays

Back 132

electric

Front 133

stingrays come in two different general types

1. _______: bottom dwelling

2. _________: swimming

Back 133

benthic; pelagic

Front 134

benthic rays, such as the atlantic stingray, are often found ________ in the sand

Back 134

buried

Front 135

stingrays have ________ spines along or near the base of the tail which can be lashed about quickly in defense

Back 135

venomous

Front 136

what should you do when walking on the beach to avoid getting “spined” by stingrays

Back 136

shuffle your feet when you walk

Front 137

oviparious

embryos are nourished from the ______ for a long period before hatching as miniature replicas of adults

Back 137

yolk

Front 138

the _______ ray is the largest ray reaching up to ____ _______ in width. this ray feeds on ________ and small fish and are completely harmless to humans .

Back 138

manta; 9 meters; plankton

Front 139

who is the manta ray lady? why have manta ray populations gone down?

Back 139

andrea marshal; the chinese kill them for their gill rakes and they only have 1 baby every 2-3 years

Front 140

chimaeras-

know as:

lay eggs in distinctive _________-shaped egg cases

Back 140

ghost sharks, ray fish, spookfish, rabbit fishes; spindle

Front 141

class: osteichthyes includes more than 28,000 species of _____ fish

Back 141

bony

Front 142

osteichthyes have skeletons made of _____ and ________

Back 142

bone; cartilage

Front 143

osteichthyes skeletons are very _______ and provides a strong site attachment

Back 143

strong

Front 144

fish secrete a layer of _______ that covers its entire body. the _________ mucus layer helps protect the fish from infection and disease

Back 144

mucus; antiseptic

Front 145

many species of bony fishes have a gas-filled bladder called a ______ ________

Back 145

swim bladder

Front 146

the swim bladder helps the fish control __________

Back 146

buoyancy

Front 147

_________-composed of bony plates attached to muscles that cover the gills on each side of the head

Back 147

operculum

Front 148

movements of the operculum allow the fish to _____ water over the gills. this enables them to pump water without having to swim(unlike sharks) and ________ ______

Back 148

pump; conserve energy

Front 149

most have a homocercal tail (fin appears _________)

Back 149

symmetric

Front 150

most species are protected by a layer of light, thin, flexible _______

Back 150

scales

Front 151

the scales _______ from head to tail which helps reduce _____ while swimming

Back 151

overlap; drag

Front 152

bony fish scales

1. _________: circular and smooth

2. _________: toothed edge

3. _________: diamond shaped, shiny, and hard

Back 152

cycloid; ctenoid; ganoid

Front 153

growth is _________ dependent

Back 153

temperature

Front 154

some bony fishes may have just some scales and some species have ___ scales (_____ and catfish)

Back 154

no; eels

Front 155

most have ________ fertilization and external development of their eggs and embryos

Back 155

external

Front 156

_______ and _______ are ovoviviparous

Back 156

guppies; mollies

Front 157

_________: lay large amounts of eggs because most young fish get eaten

Back 157

mortality

Front 158

_________: the egg laying behavior varies widely.

1. some build _____

2. some _______ the eggs in their mouths

3. some come together in ________

4. some _______

5. some _______ their eggs

Back 158

spawning; nests; carry; schools; migrate; guard

Front 159

catadromous fish spend most of their lives in ___________ but migrate to the sea to spawn such as freshwater _____

Back 159

freshwater; eels

Front 160

anadromous fish spend their adult lives at ____ but return to freshwater to spawn, such as ________

Back 160

sea; salmon

Front 161

lobe fish ex:

class:

Back 161

coelacanth; sarcopterygii

Front 162

ray finned: no ________ within the fins; muscles in the body move the fins

Back 162

muscles

Front 163

lion fish- _______ species.

florida _____ owners are blamed. dna evidence traces all lion fish in the atlantic back to only ___-___ female lion fish. they have ___ known predators. they ____ __________ by eating too much

Back 163

invasive; pet; 6-8; no; kill themselves