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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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makes gametes
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meiosis
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gametes are haploid or diploid?
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haploid
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daughter cells are not identical to what?
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their parents or siblings (one another)
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picture of aligned chromosomes
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karyotype
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female
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XX
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male
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XY
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non sex chromosomes
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autosomes
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X and Y are
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sex chromosomes
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meiosis produces four what?
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haploid gametes
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two sister chromatics are attached where?
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centromere
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chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope degrades, centrosomes migrate to poles, meiotic spindle forms
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prophase one
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pairing up of homologous chromosomes
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synapsis
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glue that holds homologous chromosomes together
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synaptonemal complex
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exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatics during prophase one
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crossing over
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crossing over produces
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recombinant chromatids
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homologous pairs line up on metaphase plate, independent assortment occurs
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metaphase one
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randomly sorting of chromosomes on the metaphase plate that causes recombinant DNA
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independent assortment
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kinetochore MTs shorten, synaptonemal complex degraded, homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles, kinetochore MTs then lengthen at end
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anaphase one
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each half of the cell has complete 1n set of replicated chromosomes
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telophase one
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telophase is also called
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cytokinesis
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1 of each chromosome lines up on metaphase plate. just like in mitosis
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metaphase two
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sister chromatids separate a second time, move to opposite poles
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anaphase two
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four haploid daughter cells are produced
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telophase two
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offspring variability is affected by what three things?
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random alignment, crossing over, fertilization
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random alignment happens durinv
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metaphase one
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homologous chromosomes or sister chromatics don't separate from each other in meiosis one
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nondisjunction
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produces abnormal gametes
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nondiajunction
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kinetochore microtubules don't connect or contract properly
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nondisjunction
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if metaphase one checkpoint fails
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nondisjunction
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abnormal number of chromosomes
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aneuploid
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trisomy of chromosome 21
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down syndrome
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mix together two parents, offspring have intermediate traits
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blending hypothesis
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discrete particles (alleles) passed from parent to offspring
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particulate hypothesis
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true breeding produces
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homozygous chromosomes
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PP or pp
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homozygous
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Pp or pP
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heterozygous
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when gametes form, alleles separate from each other during meiosis
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principle of segregation
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1 homozygous dominant, 2 heterozygous, 1 homozygous recessive
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genotypic ratio
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phenotype is determined by
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genotype
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only one abnormal allele needed for trait to be expressed
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autosomal dominant
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genetic traits in humans tracked througj
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pedigrees
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each pair of alleles segregates independently of every other pair of alleles
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principle of independent assortment
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ratio typical of dihybrid cross between two heterozygous individuals (YyRr x YyRr)
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9:3:3:1
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has distinct phenotypes of BOTH parents (red + white = red and white stripes)
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codominance
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when the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate (pink flowers from red and white)
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incomplete dominance
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blood type is an example of trait
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cocominance
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genetic waateland
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Y chromosome
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signals body to develop as a male
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SRY gene
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for males, genes on the X chromosome are
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hemizygous
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any process that alters gene activity and expression without changing the DNA sequence
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epigenetics
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methylation and DNA packaging
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two processes that can alter gene expression and activity
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addition of CH3
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methylation
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too much blank blocks gene expression
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methylation
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can be loose or tight
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DNA packaging
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gene packed so tight it can't be expressed
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heterochromatin
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DNA packed loosely and so can be expressed
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euchromatin
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adding an acetyl group to histones to neutralize histone and change DNA shape does what?
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loosens DNA
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histones are + -
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positive
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DNA is + -
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negative
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