Zoology Exam #2

Front 1

What is Photosynthesis?

Back 1

Capture of light by chlorophyll into chemical energy used to make sugar/organic compounds

Front 2

The leaf: Where does gas go and where does water go? Why is the leaf green?

Back 2

Co2 and O2 enter and leave the stomata. Chlorophyll is green because the chlorophyll absorbs violet or red-blue light exuding the green. Water absorbed by roots goes to veins in leaf. Sugar goes to the roots

Front 3

What is the main equation for photosynthesis? What is oxidized and what is reduced?

Back 3

CO2 + H2O yields CH2O + O2....
CO2 is reduced and H2O is oxidized to give electrons to the pair of chlorophyll a in the reaction center complex.

Front 4

What is the cell cycle? What is cell division? What is mitosis? What is the genome?

Back 4

The life of a cell from when its divided from parent cell until when it divides into two itself. Cell division is the reproduction of cells. Mitosis is the reproduction of cells to pass on identical genetic material. The genome is the endowment of DNA.

Front 5

Somatic cells and gametes?

Back 5

Somatic cells are all cells that are not reproductive such as 46 chromosomes for a human. Gametes are cells with 23 chromosomes and are the sperm and eggs.

Front 6

What is the distribution of chromosomes?

Back 6

When the cell is not dividing the chromosomes are long thin chromatin fibers even if they are duplicated. After duplication, the chromosomes condense and sister chromatids form with identical DNA molecules, and they are attached by cohesions with centromeres

Hint 6

Cohesion, centromere, chromatin

Front 7

What is the primary pigment and what are the secondary pigments? What purpose do they serve?

Back 7

Chlorophyll a is the primary pigment (p680+ and p700+) and is a blue green because it absorbs a red and blue light different from Chlorophyll b which is olive green. A has Ch3 and B has CHo in porphyrin ring. In the thylakoid membrane the chlorophyll is located. The carotenoids engage in Photoprotection, absorb excess light etc. Orange yellow in color

Front 8

How does photorespiration occur?

Back 8

When there is low CO2, the rubisco attaches to O2 making CO2 release:
RuBP+O2 = 3PGA + phosphoglycolic acid
(5 carbons) (3 carbons) + (2 carbon)
Recovery of the phosphoglycolic acid 2 phosphoglycolic acid -> 3PGA + CO2.... USES ATP and makes CO2!!!!

Front 9

What is C4 photosynthesis?

Back 9

1. A biochemical CO2 pump that uses Pep into Oxalacetate to malate and then it gives off pyruvate to make CO2! Then it uses ATP to make PEP
2. The CO2 goes to bundle sheath cells from mesophyll cells... bundle sheath cells are right above the veins

Front 10

What is an adaptation to high light intensity? What is an adaptation to high temps?

Back 10

C4 photosynthesis and CAM photosynthesis. The high light intensity requires a high energy requirement and PEP is of that nature

Front 11

What does Photorespiration induce? What do plants do to avoid this?

Back 11

C3 plants that get involved in dry arid climates have to partially close the stomata but still engage in photo due to rubisco being slightly attracted to O2 and so the exception comes from C4 plants or CAM plants.
It also causes water loss, transpiration making the plant die out

Front 12

What is CAM photosynthesis? What does CAM stand for?

Back 12

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism photosynthesis.
2. Biochemical CO2 store
•stomata open at night
•OAA in the vacuoles at night
•stomata closed during day
•Light reactions give ATP and NADPH for Calvin
fixation during the day

Better than dying by drying!

Front 13

What is the difference between CAM and C4?

Back 13

CAM seperates CO2 uptake and fixation in time, by day and night. Fixation happens in the Day and CO2 is taken up at night. C4 seperates CO2 from C4 acids and releases it in space to go through Calvin Cycle

Hint 13

Space vs. Time

Front 14

When DNA are loose what are they? When DNA is condensed what are they and how are they shaped?

Back 14

When DNA are loose they are long thin chromatin fibers and when DNA is condensed it is a duplicated chromosome with one DNA molecule identical to another by CHROMATIDS forming the sister chromatids.

Front 15

Label the Chromosome:

Back 15

The chromosomes are duplicated in the cell during the S phase and they are long thin chromatin fibers of chromosome. Then they condense to form sister chromatids.

Front 16

Describe the mitotic spindle:

Back 16

1. Microtubles in opposite directions connected by the centrosomes each with a pair of centrioles
2. Microtubles attached via each chromosome centromere via kinetochore

Front 17

what happens prior to mitosis?

Back 17

1. Chromosomes duplicated in loose chromatin fibers
2. nuclei still intact

Front 18

What is the name of the phase prior to mitosis?

Back 18

G2 of interphase

Front 19

What is the phase where the cell grows? What is the phase where the chromosomes duplicate?

Back 19

G1 of interphase
S phase of cell cycle.

Front 20

PROPHASE?

Back 20

1. Nuclear envelope starts to disappear
2. chromosomes condense
3. Mitotic spindle forms from the centrosomes

Front 21

PROMETAPHASE?

Back 21

1. Fragments of nuclear envelope
2. Nonkinetochore microtubles overlap
3. Kinetochore microtubles attach to kinetochores

Front 22

METAPHASE?

Back 22

1. Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate
2. Line up in the center of the cell by the centromeres and kinetochores
3. Centrosomes at opposite sides of the miotic spindle

Front 23

ANAPHASE?

Back 23

1. Sister chromatids detach from each other by the microtubles shortening and the tublin subunits
2.