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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the modern zoo |
1. Education 2. Conservation 3. Leisure 4. Research All underpinned by excellent animal welfare |
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Why should we be concerned about animal welfare |
• Ethics • Society demands that we do • Increase the quality of human life (through improving animal lives) • “The greatness of a country and its moral development can be judged by the way it treats animals” (Mahatma Gandhi) |
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Why is animal welfare important? |
• Education • Conservation • Leisure • Research |
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Three approaches to Animal Welfare |
• Nature is best- Try and recreate nature in captivity • Biological functioning- Reproduction, growth, physiology • Feelings- The subjective experiences of animals |
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Mother Nature is best |
• Positive aspects: variability, choice and control • Negative aspects: hunger, thirst, disease, parasites, predators, social stress- animals do not chose this Thus we should only replicate the positive aspects |
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Biological Functioning is Best? |
• This relates to the evolutionary history of the species • Natural selection created adaptation to allow a species to survive • However, if an animal is it allowed to reproduce is it suffering? • If you have a serious physical well- being problem but not realise this- then do you have a welfare problem? |
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Homeostatsis |
• The behaviour of an animal is the sum of all its biological systems • Hormones • Physiology • Perception • Vision • Audition • Nervous • Immunological • Animals use animal behaviour to maintain their body in a situation of homeostasis |
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Feelings |
• If an animal can perceive that it has a welfare problem then it must be suffering • But it is impossible for humans to think like animals -Existencialism • However, it may be possible to measure the subjective feelings of animals • Also we may be able to use the argument by homology |
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Pain: The argument by homology |
• All mammals have the same type of nervous system and therefore the same abilities to perceive aversive stimuli • Pain is an unpleasant emotional state that is registered in the brain (neocortex= area of thoughts) • We know that lobotomised humans do not perceive pain as an unpleasant emotional state • The majority of animal species have a brain like a lobotomised human |
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Wemelsfelder: Emotions |
• Two groups of pigs: 1. Enriched group 2. Control group Asked the public about them: Enriched group: Positively rated Control group: negatively rated |
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Integrating different approaches to animal welfare |
A useful definition should include: 1. Psychological well-being (feelings) 2. Effective biological functioning 3. The ability to dope with life’s stresses 4. Physical well-being 5. Positive aspects of the wild |
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Animal welfare is a reactive science |
• Normally we are concerned once a problem has occurred • Obviously this is not a good approach • “Locking the stable door after the horse has bolted” |
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What we know |
• Good enclosure design • Good hygiene • Appropriate animal husbandry - Environmental enrichment - Training • Appropriate group size • Appropriate group structure • Enough variability • Control over the environment • Sources of stress controlled - Visitors |
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Animal welfare a proactive approach |
To be proactive about animal welfare we need to know: 1. What animals like 2. What animals don’t like |
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Indicators of good animal welfare |
• Variety of behaviours expressed • How many preferred behaviours the animal can express • Physiological measures of pleasure • Behavioural measures of pleasure |
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Five freedoms |
Freedom from: 1. Hunger and thirst 2. Physical and thermal discomfort 3. Injury, disease and pain 4. To express normal patterns of behaviour 5. Fear and anxiety In the uk the 5 freedoms are used in zoos, zoo inspection questions, farms and labs |
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Five Domains model of Animal Welfare |
1. Nutrition 2. Environment 3. Health 4. Behaviour 5. Mental state |
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Legislation and Animal Welfare |
• Many countries around the world have laws guaranteeing animal welfare • The first was the UK in 1826- Dovers law • The problem with nearly all legislation is that it states minimum requirements • So minimum requirements become the average housing condition |
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Zoo legislation and Guidelines |
• Zoo licensing Act 1981 • Council Directive 1999/22/EC of 29 March 1999 relating to the keeping of wild animals in zoos • The Zoo Licensing Act 1981 (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2002 • Animal Welfare Act 2006 • Secretary of State’s Standards of Modern Zoo Practice 2012 • Zoos Expert Committee Handbook 2012 |
