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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Behaviour? |
Form in which the animal interacts with the environment and other animals |
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Behaviour = Homeostasis |
• Animal behaviour is the sum of all biological systems: - Hormones - Physiology - Perception: view, hearing, nervous - Immune • The animal uses its own behaviour to maintain homeostasis |
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What is animal behaviour? |
• No animal is isolated in the world. It related to other living beings and with abiotic environment around it • It is the result of interactions between internal stimuli (the animal) and external stimuli from the environment |
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How to study animal behaviour |
• Function • Evolution • Causation • Development |
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The effects of behaviour |
• The proximal cause - function: survival value • Final cause - Evolution: reproductive advantage during the long term |
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What is Motivation? |
Behaviours are expressed depending on the animals motivation. It is a term that refers to the internal possesses that drive behaviour Motivational Systems: • it is assumed that animals possess motivational systems, such as feeding, reproduction etc • The animal tries to keep these systems within limits that ensure their well-being • Changes in behaviour reflect changed in the internal state of the animal, controlled by homeostatic processes |
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The behaviour of a motivated animal |
A small deviation in the homeostasis of an animal results in: • Appetitive Behaviours- e.g. the hungry animal will seek food • Consummatory Behaviour- e.g. the act of eating the found food |
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What is the meaning of life? |
All animals and plants have only one feature that make living: • Reproduction • All species have two goals: 1. Reproduction (long term goal) 2. Survival (present goal) • Genetic survival |
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Natural Selection |
1. More individuals are born than can survive because resources (food, space) are not infinite 2. Some individuals may solve problems of survival more effectively in comparison with other individuals 3. This ability to resolve problems has a genetic basis- so the solutions are inherited by their offspring 4. Thus, those individuals who have the most efficient solutions have more offsprings and their genes will become more common |
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There is no survival of the fittest in zoos |
Relaxed Selection in Zoos Usually no sexual selection |
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Artificial selection |
• Many species of zoo animal may have been accidentally selected for behavioural characteristics - Friendliness to humans - Expression if stereotypic behaviour - Poor mothering skills |
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Legislative background |
The Zoos Directive 1999 - Member states shall take measures... to ensure all zoos ... accommodate their animals under conditions which aim to satisfy the biological and conservation requirements of the individual species... |
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Secretary of State’s Standards of Modern Zoo Practice 2004’ |
• 4.4 Enclosures should be equipped in accordance with the needs of the animals... [and] encourage normal behaviour patterns and minimise any abnormal behaviour • 4.5 Animals of social species should normally be maintained in compatible social groups |
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Well-being of Zoo animals |
• Basic needs test - Physiological and psychological needs • Comparative life test - A life equal to that in the wild • Five freedoms - Freedom from hunger, thirst and thermal discomfort |
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Questions |
• Should zoo animals sometimes go hungry? • If they can try to find food • Should zoo animals be allowed to express all natural behaviour? • Is it necessary to keep zoo animals in natural group sizes? • Can we provide zoo animals with all their behavioural needs? • Should we train zoo animals? • Should zoo animals be allowed to chose their mate? • Should zoos set-up panda fight clubs? • Should we ‘trick’ animals to breed with non-preferred individuals? • Should zoo animals be moved for breeding? |
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Unattractive males |
• Some species are very difficult to breed in captivity (e.g. slow loris) • Often because the female finds the male ‘unattractive’ • But this male might be genetically important |
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How to make a male ‘attractive’ |
• Male loris use scent marking to communicate which areas they ‘own’ • The females find attractive males who are the owners of good territories • Thus, before putting a female with an ‘unattractive’ male we can create for him an excellent territory - counter-making |
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More questions |
• Should zoo animals be allowed to fight? • Should zoo animals be exposed to their predators? • should zoo animals have to find their food? • Should we make zoo animals exercise? • Should we hand-rear abandoned infants? • Should zoo animals be tamed? • Are zoo animals be domesticated? • Is abnormal behaviour acceptable? • Is wild type behaviour necessary? • How should zoo animals behave? |
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Types of Behaviour |
1. Reproductive behaviour 2. Social behaviour 3. Maintenance behaviour 4. Agnostic behaviour 5. Eating behaviour 6. Anti-predatory behaviour |
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Types of Behaviour |
1. Reproductive behaviour 2. Social behaviour 3. Maintenance behaviour 4. Agnostic behaviour 5. Eating behaviour 6. Anti-predatory behaviour |
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1. Reproductive behaviour |
1.1 Courtship 1.2 Copulation 1.3 Infant care 1.4 Parental Care |
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2. Social behaviour |
Any action directed by an individual to a member of their own species 2.1 Vigilance 2.2 Play |
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Maintenance behaviour |
Behaviours that maintain the body healths |
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Agonistic behaviour |
Any interaction between two members of the same species in which one individual is afraid of another 4.1 Fights 4.2 Ritualised Fights 4.3 Territoriality |
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Behavioural Categories |
5.1 Feeding behaviour |
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Behavioural Categories |
5.1 Feeding behaviour |
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Antipredatory behaviour |
Behaviours related to avoidance predation 6.1 Camouflage 6.2 Escape 6.3 Mobbing 6.4 |
