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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
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- is a disease marked by severe protein malnutrition and bilateral extremity swelling The symptoms include: - change in skin and hair color (to a rust color) and texture |
Kwashiorkor |
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– It is a severe manifestation of protein-calorie malnutrition. - such individuals appear emaciated with thin and wasted muscles |
Marasmus |
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Vit B1 = Deficiency disease = |
Thiamine Beriberi |
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Vit B2 = Deficiency disease = |
Riboflavin Glossitis |
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Vit B3 = Deficiency disease = |
Niacin Pellagra |
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Vit B5 = Deficiency disease = |
Pantothenic acid Burning feet |
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Vit B6 = Deficiency disease = |
Pyridoxine Anemia |
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Vit B7 = Deficiency disease = |
Biotin Nerves disorders |
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Vit C= Deficiency disease = |
Ascorbic acid Scurvy |
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Vit A = Deficiency disease = |
Retinol Eye & skin disease |
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Vit D = Deficiency disease = |
Calciferol Rickets & fragile bones |
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Vit E = Deficiency disease = |
Tocoferol Fertility disorders |
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Vit K = Deficiency disease = |
Phylloquinone Blood clotting |
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is a neurological disorder caused by the lack of thiamine (vitamin B1) |
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome |
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- Affects the cardiovascular and nervous system. • Symptoms: ✓ increased heart rate ✓ severe lack of energy or constant fatigue ✓ shortness of breath ✓ waking at night due to shortness of breath ✓ swelling in the legs and feet |
Beriberi |
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- refers to inflammation of the tongue. - The condition causes the tongue to swell in size, change in color, and develop a different appearance on the surface |
Glossitis |
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- Is marked by dementia, diarrhea, and dermatitis, also known as “the three Ds”. - If left untreated, it can be fatal. |
Pellagra |
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- Leads to cheilosis, angular stomatitis, glossitis, dermatitis, polyneuritis, and anemia |
Vitamin B6 Deficiency |
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- symptoms include weakness, feeling tired and sore arms and legs. - Without treatment, decreased red blood cells, gum disease, changes to hair, and bleeding from the skin may occur |
Scurvy |
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- occurs in growing infants and children, and both bone and epiphyseal cartilage are affected |
Rickets |
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- occurs in adults after closure of the epiphyses, and its manifestations are often much less prominent |
Osteomalacia |
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- defined as the use of assay procedures for the determination of drug concentrations in plasma, and the interpretation and application of the resulting concentration data to develop safe and effective drug regimens |
Therapeutic drug monitoring |
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ensure drug dosage is within a range that produces maximal therapeutic benefit known as the _____ |
therapeutic range |
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is the dose providing therapeutic benefits as statistically derived from observations in a healthy population |
Standard dosage |
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The fraction of the administered dose that eventually reaches its site of action is defined as its |
bioavailability |
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- the most direct and effective delivery to the sites of action |
Intravenous (IV) administration |
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routes of administration just under the skin |
Subcutaneous (SC) injection |
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- routes of administration, absorbed through the skin through the use of transdermal patch |
Transcutaneous |
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commonly used in infants and in situations in which oral delivery is not possible |
Rectal delivery/suppository |
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- most common route of delivery; least invasive |
Oral administration |
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4 Stages Of Pharmacokinetics |
1.Absorption 2.Distribution 3.Metabolism 4.Excretion/Elimination |
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- Movement of the drug molecules to general circulation |
Drug Absorption |
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Because of gastric acidity, weak ______ (acids/bases) are efficiently absorbed in the stomach, but weak _______ (bases/acids) are preferentially absorbed in the intestine where the pH is more alkaline. |
-Weak acids -Weak bases |
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- It describes the reversible mass transfer of a drug from one location to another within the body |
DRUG DISTRIBUTION |
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The volume of distribution index is used to describe the distribution characteristics of a drug and is expressed mathematically as follows: |
Vd= D/C |
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- All substances absorbed from the intestine (except the rectum) enter the hepatic portal system. In this system, circulating blood from the gastrointestinal tract is routed through the liver before it enters into general circulation. Certain drugs are subject to significant hepatic uptake and metabolism during passage through the liver |
first-pass metabolism |
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- The basic function of this system involves taking hydrophobic substances and, through a series of enzymatic reactions, converting them into water-soluble products |
Hepatic Mixed-function Oxidase (MFO) System |
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is a heme protein that plays an important role in MFO system |
Cytochrome P450 |
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- Drugs are eliminated through hepatic metabolism, renal filtration, or a combination of the two |
DRUG ELIMINATION |
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is the study of activity of the drug in the body as influenced by absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion |
Pharmacokinetics |
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- highest concentration of the drug in the blood following the administered dose |
peak drug concentration |
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- the concentration of drug in the blood immediately before the next dose is administered |
trough drug concentration |
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- anticoagulant generally suitable for most drug analyses |
Heparinized plasma |
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-is the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs and developing drug therapies to compensate for genetic differences impacting therapy regimens |
PHARMACOGENOMICS |
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- are patients benefiting from the therapeutic and desired effects of the drug |
Responders |
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- don’t demonstrate a beneficial effect from the initiation of a given drug regimen |
Nonresponders |
