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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
International relations
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the relationships among the world’s governments
-closely connected with international organizations, multinational corps, w/ social structures (econ, culture, domestic politic |
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-globalization
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central trend in IR today
-Better communication and transportation capabilities constantly expand people’s contact w/ products, people, and ideas i.e. globalization internationalizes KEY FOCUS: how can a group (2 nations) serves its collective interests when doing so requires members to forgo own individual interests? |
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-Collective goods problem
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problem of how to provide something that benefits all members of a group regardless of what each member contributes to it
-Easier to provide in small groups than large—defection (free riding) harder to conceal *Particularly problem in IR because each nation is sovereign, w/ no central authority (world govt.) to enforce on individual nations the necessary measures to provide for the common good **Solution: dominance, reciprocity, identity |
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Dominance
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establishes a power hierarchy in which those at the top control those below, social conflicts like who gets resources resolved in favor o higher-ranking actor
-Acts of submission and dominance reinforce an ever-present status hierarchy *top actor may be most adept at forming and maintaining alliances among group’s more capable members |
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Hegemon
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superpower sometimes stands atop great powers of dominant nation
Ex. UN Security Council- world’s 5 strongest military powers hold veto -Forces members of a group to contribute to common good & minimizes open conflict w/in groups -ISSUE: constant oppression of and resentment by lower ranking members in hierarchy -RESULTS: provides relative peace and stability for decades but can break down into terribly costly wars among great powers |
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Reciprocity
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rewards behavior that contributes to the group and punishes behavior that pursues self-interest at expense of group
-Enforced W/O central authority -ISSUE: can lead to downward spiral as each side punishes what believes to be negative acts by other—people overestimate own good intentions and underestimate value of action of opponents *Forms basis of most norms and institutions in international system (World Trade Organization +:open country opens markets to another’s goods, other opens markets in return -:one country expels certain number of diplomats from another country for spying, other country always responds w/in days by expelling same number of diplomats from first country |
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Identity
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: identities of participants as members of community
-NO self-interest, BUT COMMUNITY -Roles in overcoming difficult collective goods problems, including who contributes to development assistance, world health, UN peacekeeping missions -Increased strength lately b/c fem. Organizations, churches, multi nat. corps, jihadists |
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-International politics
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decisions of governments about foreign actors, especially other govts.—interdisciplinary field w/ econ, history, and sociology
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-Issue areas:
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particular activities w/in one of spheres make them up, on which scholars and foreign policy makers focus attention (global trade, env. conflicts like Arab-Israeli conflict
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-International security
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subfield focuses on war and peace—mvmnt armies and diplomats, crafting of treaties and alliances, development and deployment of military capabilities
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-International political economy (IPE
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second main subfield IR-concerns trade and financial relations among nations and focuses on how nations cooperated politically to create and maintain institutions that regulate flow of international economic and financial transactions
-New important issues international env. Management and global telecommunications |
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State
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territorial entity controlled by a govt. and inhabited by pop-state govt. exercises sovereignty over territory-no higher authority
-pop forms a civil society- developed institutions to participate in political or social life=nation -govt.= democracy where govt controlled by members of pop rather than imposed on them -comprised of capital city, head of state-includes individual leader and bureaucratic organizations (foreign ministries |
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international system:
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set of relationships among the world’s states, structures according to certain rules and patterns of interaction=who member, rights responsibility
*existed less than 500 years -before divided into city-states, empires, feudal fiefs |
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nation states:
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most large states today
-major source conflict and war is mismatch between perceives nations and actual state borders -UN 192 members 2007 -15 states w pop 70 million+ contain 2/3 world’s pop |
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gross domestic product:
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state’s size of total annual economic activity
-great powers- states w/ great military and economic strength -superpowers: those w/ truly global influence (US alone |
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-intergovernmental organizations (IGOs
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organizations whose members are national governments (Org. of petroleum exporting countries OPEC, WTO, NATO, AU)
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nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
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private organizations known as legit actors among states
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mulitnational corporations (MNCs):
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companies that span multiple countries-control greater resources and operate internationally w/ greater efficiency that small states and provide poor states w/ foreign investment and tax revenues-look for protection from states
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substate actors
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nonstate actors that exist w/in one country but either influence that country’s foreign policy or operate internationally or both
-*states being pushed aside by globalization |
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individual levels:
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perceptions, choices, and actions of individual human beings
-war attributed to Saddam Hussein or Bush’s desire to remove him |
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domestic (state of societal
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concerns aggregations of individuals w/in states that influence state action in international arena—interest groups, political organizations, government agencies
-rise of neoconservative faction convinced Bush admin and Americans Saddam was threat |
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interstate (international systemic
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concerns the influence of international system upon outcomes—interactions of states themselves w/p regard to internal makeup or particular individual who lead them
-pays attention to states’ relative power positions in international system and interactions MOST IMPORTANT LEVEL OF ANALYSIS |
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global
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explains international outcomes in terms of global trends and forces that transcend interactions and states themselves
-ex. evolution of human technology, lingering effect of historical European imperialism in Latin America, Asia, and Africa -global fear of terrorism |
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North-South gap:
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between rich industrialized countries of N and poor countries of S most important geographical element at global level of analysis
-North: N American, W Europe, Japan South: L America, Africa, Middle E, Asia -east Asia: China, Japan, Korea -SE Asia: Burma to Indonesia and Philippines -Pacific Rim- E and SE Asia, Siberia, Pacific coast N America and Latin America |
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League of Nations:
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Woodrow Wilson
-1937 Japan invaded rest of China and began occupation |
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-Munich Agreement 1939:
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ex Germany occupy part of Czechoslovakia (Sudetenland)-only encouraged Hitler’s further conquests
-1939 Germany invaded Poland -Hitler signed nonaggression pact w/ Stalin then turned back against him and invaded Soviet Union -US joined 1942- firebombing in Dresden in 1945 caused 100,000 civilian deaths -1944 June 6 D-Day British American forces pushed into Germany from W while Soviets pushed from east—Germany surrendered -Japan fought war over control in SE Asia w/ US and allies—US cut of Japan’s oil exports—lead to Pearl Harbor |
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-The Marshall Plan
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Us financial aid to rebuild European economies
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containment
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1940s US sought to halt expansion of Soviet influence globally on military, political, ideological, and economic
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The Chinese Communist Revolution 1949
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led to Sino(Chinese)-Soviet alliance
-china opposed peaceful coexistence w/ the US |
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summit meeting:
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between superpower leaders in Geneva
-reconstituted Austria, which was split into four pieces like Germany |
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Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962
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when the Soviet Union installed medium-range nuclear missiles in Cuba
GOALS: reduce USSR’s strategic nuclear inferiority, to counter the deployment of U.S. missiles on Soviet borders in Turkey, and to deter another U.S. invasion of Cuba |
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Limited Test Ban Treaty:
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1963 prohibited atmospheric nuclear tests, and began to cooperate in cultural exchanges, space exploration, aviation, etc.
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proxy wars
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2 superpowers jockeyed for position in global south where supplied and advised opposing factions in civil wars
-ex. US back Ethiopian government and Soviets backed Somalia in 70s, but switched when Ethiopian govt. sought out soviet help |
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Realism
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school of thought explains international relations in terms of power
-Sun Tzu strategist who can up w/ idea -theoretical foundationf or Cold War policies of containment -Hans Morgentau- internatinal politics governed by objective, universal laws based on national interests -*choices of states operating as autonomous actors rationally pursuoing their own interests I nan international systen of sovereign states without central authority |
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-realpoitik/power politics
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: the exercise of power by states toward each other
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Idealism
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emphasizes international law, moralitym and international organizations rather than power alone, as key influences on international events-human nature basically good, international system as community states w/ potential to work together to overcome mutual problems
-active between WWI and WWII—Woodrow Wilson |
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power
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the ability to get another actor to do whatit would not otherwise have done
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capability
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specific characteristics or possessions of states—sizes, levels of income, and
armed forces, circular in logic -give states the potential to influence others only to extent that political leaders can mobilize and deploy them effectively and strategically |
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power of ideas
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ability to maximize the influence of capabilities through psychological process (domestic mobilization of capabilities through religion, ideology, nationalism)
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soft power
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forming rules of behvior to change others to see their own national interests-US influences other power accept free markets and free trade
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Relative power
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the ratio of power that 2 states can bring to bear against eachother
-state power=natural resources, industrial capacity, moral legitimacy, military preparedness, popular support for govt. -long term elements actor draw on=political culture, patriotism, education of pop, strength of scientific and technological base |
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geopolitics
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use of geography as an element of power
-use location to incrase power to enhance military capabilities by securing allies and bases close to rival power or along strategic trade routes |
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anarchy
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realists believe international system lack central govt. that can enforce rules
-states must rely on self-help which they supplement w/ allies constraining power of international norms -states should pay attention to capalibities of other states |
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norms
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shared expectations about what behavior is considered proper
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sovereignty
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most important norm- govt. Has right to do whatever it wants in own territory
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security dilemma
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a situation in which states’ actions taken to ensure their own security threaten the security of other states
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balance of power:
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the general concept of one or more states’ power being used to balance that of another state or group of states
-process by which counterbalancing coalitions have repeatedly formed in history to prevent one state from conquering an entire region -building up one’s own capabilities against a rival is a form of power balancing, but forming an alliance against a threatening state is often quicker, cheaper, and more effectively |
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the great powers
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half-dozen most powerful states-states that can be defeated militarily only be another great power-largest economies—large pops, plentiful natural resources, advanced technology, educated labor forces
-US, China, Russia, Japan, Germany, France, and Britain |
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middle powers
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rank somewhat below great powers in terms of influence on world affairs. Some large but not hightly industrialized; others have specialized capabilities but are small
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neorealism/ structural realism:
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1990s adaptation of realism-explains patterns of international eventsin terms of system structure-the international distributin of power-rather than the internal makeup of individual states
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polarity
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the number of independent power centers in the system
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mulitpolar system
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: has five or 6 centers of power which are not grouped into alliances. Each state participated independently and on relatively equal terms
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-bipolar system
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has two predominant states or two great rival alliance blocs-US-Soviet standoff
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-tripolar systems
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three great centers of power, two-against-one alliance to form
-strategic triangle of US, Soviet Union, China 60s and 70s |
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unipolar system/hegemony
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: single center of power around which others revolve
-power transition theory: the largest wars result from challenges to the top position in the status hierarchy when a rising power is surpassing the most powerful state -when rising power’s status diverges from its actual power, the rising power may suffer from relative deprivation -in power transition theory peace among great powers results when one state is firmly in the top position and the positions of others in the hierarchy are clearly defnied and correspond w/ their actual underlying power |
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hegemony
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the holding by one state of a preponderance of power in the international system, so that it can singly-handedly dominate the rules and arrangements by which international political and economic relations are conducted
-Britain in the 19th and US after WWII |
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hegemonic stability theory
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hegemony provides some order similar to a central govt. in the international system: reducing anarchy, deterring aggression, promoting free trade, and providing a hard currency that can be used as a world standard
-can maintain global free trade and promote world economic growth -have inherent interests in promotion of integrated world markets, doesn’t fear competition from industries in other states, fears only superiour goods wo;; be excluded from competing in other states, use power to achieve free trade and political stability that supports free trade |
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-Helms-Burton Act
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provides for sanctions against countries that do business in Cuba
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Iran-Libya Sanctions Act
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imposes sanctions on countries that invest in Iran or Libya
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Treaty of Westphalia
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1648- established modern international system w/ principles of independent sovereign states that continue to shape international system today
-ability of one state to balance power of another state so that it couldn’t gobble up smaller units and create a universal empire -sovereignty and territorial integrity of states as equal and independent members of international system |