Polital Science 103: World Politics Final

Front 1

M. A. D.

Back 1

Mutually Assured Destruction

Front 2

Pacifism

Back 2

Opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes; specifically : refusal to bear arms on moral or religious grounds

Front 3

Disarmament

Back 3

The policy of eliminating a state's offensive weaponry; may occur for all classes of weapons or for specified weapons only; the logic of the policy is that fewer weapons leads to greater security.

Front 4

Nuclear Proliferation

Back 4

The spread of nuclear weapons or nuclear weapons technology; Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty obligates nuclear powers not to transfer their nuclear technology to third countries and to work toward nuclear disarmament and obligates nonnuclear signatories to refrain from acquiring or developing the technology.

Front 5

Unlimited Self Defense

Back 5

There are some people who believe that, because of the nature of humans and the nature of the international system, unlimited self-defense is the prudent policy. Advocates of this approach are suspicious of arms control.

Front 6

Functionalism

Back 6

* War is caused by economic deprivation/
* Economic disparity cannot be solved in a system of intependent states.
* New functional units should be created to solve specific economic problems.
* People will develop habits of cooperation, which will spill over from economic cooperation to political cooperation.
* In the long run, economic disparities will lessen and war will be eliminated.

Front 7

Collective Good

Back 7

Public goods that are available to all regardless of individual contribution.

Front 8

Jus In Bello

Back 8

Acceptable wartime conduct

Front 9

Jus Ad Bellum

Back 9

Justifications to engage in war.

Front 10

ICC

Back 10

International Criminal Court

Front 11

Universal Rights

Back 11

Human righs believed to be basically the same at all times and in all cultures, a controversial notion.

Front 12

Cultural Relativism

Back 12

The belief that human rights, ethics, and morality are determined by cultures and history and therefore are not universally the same.

Front 13

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Back 13

UN: Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

Front 14

The Fog of War

Back 14

Lesson #1: Empathize with your enemy.
Lesson #2: Rationality will not save us.
Lesson #3: There's something beyond one's self.
Lesson #4: Mazimize efficiency.
Lesson #5: Poportionality should be a guideline in war.
Lesson #6: Get the data.
Lesson #7: Belief and seeing are both often wrong.
Lesson #8: Be prepared to reexamine your reasoning.
Lesson #9: In order to do good, you may have to engage in evil.
Lesson #10: Never say never.
Lesson #11: You can't change human nature.

Front 15

Federalism

Back 15

• War is caused by individual states exercising sovereignty.
• Peace will be achieved if states transfer sovereignty to a higher federal body.
• In a federal system, states will be joined together and sovereignty transferred to the collectivity.
• In a federal system, the root cause of war has been eliminated.

Front 16

Functionalsim

Back 16

• War is caused by economic deprivation
• Economic disparity cannot be solved in a system of independent states.
• New functional units should be created to solve specific economic problems.
• People will develop habits of cooperation, which will spill over from economic cooperation to political cooperation.
• In the long run, economic disparities will lessen and war will be eliminated.

Front 17

Roth

Back 17

War in Iraq: Not a Humanitarian Intervention

• The Level of Killing
• The Last Reasonable Option
• Humanitarian Purpose
• Compliance with Humanitarian Law
• Better Rather than Worse
• U.N. Approval

Front 18

Dershowitz

Back 18

Want to torture? Get a warrant

Front 19

Powers

Back 19

Bystanders to Genocide

Front 20

Silvergate

Back 20

Response to "Want to torture? Get a warrant"

Front 21

Federalism

Back 21

• War is caused by individual states exercising sovereignty.
• Peace will be achieved if states transfer sovereignty to a higher federal body.
• In a federal system, states will be joined together and sovereignty transferred to the collectivity.
• In a federal system, the root cause of war has been eliminated.

Front 22

Functionalism

Back 22

• War is caused by economic deprivation
• Economic disparity cannot be solved in a system of independent states.
• New functional units should be created to solve specific economic problems.
• People will develop habits of cooperation, which will spill over from economic cooperation to political cooperation.
• In the long run, economic disparities will lessen and war will be eliminated.

Front 23

Collective Goods

Back 23

• Collective goods are available to all members of the group regardless of the individual contributions.
• Some activities of states involve the provision of collective goods.
• Groups need to devise strategies to overcome problems of collective goods cause by the negative consequences of the actions of others – the “tragedy of commons.”
• Strategies include the use of coercion, changing preferences such as by offering positive incentives to refrain from engaging in an activity, and altering the size of the group to ensure compliance.

Front 24

Security Dilemma

Back 24

in the absence of centralized authority, on state’s becoming more secure diminishes another state’s security.

Front 25

Types of War

Back 25

• General War
• Civil War
• Limited War: Limited to objectives, like the first Gulf War or Korean War.

Front 26

How Wars Are Fought

Back 26

• Conventional means
• Weapons of Mass Destruction
• Asymmetric Warfare: Weaker party seeks to neutralize its opponent’s strengths, by exploiting that opponent’s weaknesses.
o Guerilla Warfare
• Terrorism
o Premeditation
o Motivation or a cause
o Targets, which are usually non-combative
o Secretiveness

Front 27

Just War Tradition

Back 27

• There must be a just cause (self-defense or the defense of others)
• There must be a declaration by a competent authority (UN Security Council)
• The leaders have to have the correct intentions, desiring to end abuses and establish just peace.
• All other possibilities should have been exhausted
• Forces need to be rapidly removed after the humanitarian objectives have been secured

Front 28

Just War Tradition, Conduct

Back 28

• Combatants and noncombatants must be differentiated, with the later protected as much as possible
• The violence used needs to be proportionate to the ends to be achieved.
• Undue human suffering should be avoided at all costs.

Front 29

Managing Security

Back 29

• Liberal
o Collective Security
 Wars are prevented by restraint of military action
 Aggressors must be stopped
 The aggressor is easily identified
 The aggressor is always wrong
 Aggressors know the international community will act against them.
o Arms control and disarmament
• Realist
o Balance of Power
o Deterrence
 Decision makers are rational
 The threat of destruction from warfare is large
 Alternatives to war are available.

Front 30

3 Kinds of Human Rights

Back 30

• First-generation human rights: possessed by an individual that the state cannot usurp.
• Second-generation human rights: individuals have a right to education, health care, social security, and housing. Also referred as “positive rights”.
• Third-generation human rights: specify rights for groups such as ethnic or racial groups.

Front 31

Global Governance

Back 31

implies that through various structures and processes, actors can coordinate interests and needs although there is no unifying political authority.

Front 32

Sources of International Law

Back 32

• Customs
• Treaties
• Authoritative Bodies
• Courts (International, National, Local)

Front 33

Roth's Reason to go to War

Back 33

The Level of Killing
The Last Reasonable Option
Humanitarian Purpose
Compliance with Humanitarian Law
Better Rather than Worse
U.N. Approval