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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Security Dilemma |
When distrust runs so high between states that when each seeks to increase its defensive capabilities, the other perceives that as a threat and increases its own, creating an arms race. |
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Global Commons |
Ungoverned areas shared by all countries, such as the seas, space, and the atmosphere. |
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Unitary Rational Actor |
A simplifying assumption that treats states as if each is a single sapient entity rather than a composite of many domestic actors. Presumes that states' decisions are based on a set of predetermined and stable priorities and rooted in full knowledge and understanding of all possible options. |
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Hegemon |
Predominant world Power
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Zero-Sum |
A situation in which a good, commodity, resource, or utility is constant so that one entity's gain necessitates others' loss since the good must be redistributed because it cannot be expanded. |
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Linkage |
Negotiating more than one issue concurrently so that concessions on one might be made up by gains or another. |
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Comparitavists |
Academics and analysts who work within the field of comparative politics, a subfield of political science in which differences and similarities among countries' political system are explored. |
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Unipolar |
An internaltional structure dominated by a single power |
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Balancing |
When states seek to prevent another state's or other states' domination of the international system either by ensuring through domestic development that they are equally powerful or by creating alliances that are equal to a state's or another alliance's power |
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Variable-Sum |
Potential for expanding, and mutual, benefits: opposite of zero-sum |
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Relative Gains |
Increases in wealth or strength relative to others |
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Absolute Gains |
Absolute increases in wealth or strength, regardless of other's increases |
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Securitization |
Most simply, securitization is the act of naming something a security concern so that it becomes an elevated priority justifying greater national attention and resources. |
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3 Theories of Analysis |
Systemic Domestic Individual |
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Colonialism |
A policy by which a nation maintains or extends its control over foreign dependencies. The two main types of colonialism are movement of people from the mother country to form a new political institution in the designated distant land and external powers' rule over indigenous peoples. |
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Power Projetion |
Influence, often by force, beyond one's borders |
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Sphere of Influence |
A region influenced by one great poiwer. In a sphere of influence, the dominant power does not have sovereignty but imposes its will over several neighboring states, restricting the maneuverability of local territorial leaders. |
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Appeasement |
One-sided concessions to a political opponent |
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Truman Doctrine |
Pledged US military and economic aid to counties (initially Greece and Turkey) to resist communism. |
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Warsaw Pact |
An alliance between the Soviet Union and its client states in eastern Europe formed in 1954 in response to the 1949 creation of NATO |
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Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) |
A condition that exists when nuclear states can survive a first strike with sufficient nuclear forces to retaliate in a second strike and inflict unacceptable damage on their opponent. Because any nuclear strike would result in both opponents' destruction, there is no incentive to initiate a nuclear war. |
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Imperialism |
A superior-inferior relationship in which one state controls the people and territory of another area. |
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Metropole |
A home country in relation to its colonies |
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Failed States |
States that cannot provide the minimally acceptable standards for domestic conditions, such as peace, order, and security, and are characterized by a compete breakdown of law and order, the rise of competing gangs (or warlords or strongmen), and the victimization of the general population. |
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Human Security |
An interpretation of security in which individuals' security is taken into account, rather than states', and in whic the definition of "threat" includes anything that can impinge fundamentally on basic human rrights. |
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Settler Colonialism |
immigrants seize land from the indigenous population and become the dominant population. |
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Elite colonialism |
Indigenous rulers are replaced by a European political and economic elite, but the native population remains essentially in place; much of the culture thus remains intact. |
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Clash of Civilizations |
A theory that suggests that the future of international politics will be characterized not by the state-against-state or ideological conflicts of the past, but rather, by clashes of civilizations as they seek to defend their traditions, beliefs, territory, and general interests against competing cultures. |
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Power-transition theory |
A theory arguing that as the gap in power between rival states narrows and they become more equal in strength, war is likely to occur because both the challenger and the dominant state believe they are likely to prevail in a conflict. |
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Soft Power |
A state's ability to attract allies through the legitimacy of its policies and their underlying value |
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Aggressive Realism |
The argument that states must be expansionist in order to ensure their own security in the anarchic system, |
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Defensive Realism |
A theorym within the broader context of neorealism, positing that states seek to maximie power as a means of ensuring their security |
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Hardened |
With reference to nuclear sitesm hardening is the defensive effort to make them invulnerable, either by building them into mountains or in underground bunkers |
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Human Security |
An interpretation of security in which individual's security is taken into account, rather than states', and which the definition of "threat' includes anything that can imping fundamentally on basic human rights |
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Offensive realism |
A theory, within the broader context of neorealism, positing that states must always attempt to accumulate more power as an end in itself. |
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Second Strike Capacity |
The ability to deliver a nuclear counterattack even after having been hit by an opponent's first strike. |
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Smart Power |
Ensuring that military foreign policy efforts are complemented by equivalent diplomatic and developmental initiatives. |
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Asymmetrical Warfare |
Armed conflict between combatants of very different strength. |
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Bubble Effect |
When an action taken to prevent or end an illegal or insurgent activity in one area succeeds, only for that activity to pop up somewhere else. |
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Kinetic |
With reference to warfare, actual, tangible, military action. |
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Liberal Internationalism |
The belief that democracies have a responsibliity to spread their form of government |
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Nation Building |
The effort, usually postwar, to establish the economic, political, and security institutions needed to stand up or reinforce a government. |
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Neoconservatism |
The belief that a country with tremendous power, like the United States, has an obligation to use that power to spread values internationally |
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Offshore Balancing |
Great-power support to allies with the expectation that they will maintain stability in their regions. |
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Balance of Payments |
The difference between the amount of money coming into a country and the amount of money going out |
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Balance of Trade |
The value of exports minus the value of imports |
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Capital Abundant |
Rich in terms of money, industrial plants, and equipment |
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Capital intensive |
industry requiring capital (Money, plants, or equipment) as the main input |
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Comparative advantage |
The ability of one business or entity to engage in production at a lower opportunity cost than other business or entity. |
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Countervailing Tariffs |
Tariffs levied by one country in response to tariffs imposed by another |
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Current-account Balance |
The difference between a state's total exports and total imports |
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Dumping |
Exporting a product at below the cost of production and shipping |
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Embedded Liberalism |
The shared assumption among many states' leaders that governments should balance economic growth and social and economic welfare |
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Fixed Exchange Rate System |
When currency exchange rates are set and not responsive to supply and demand |
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Floating Exchange Rate System |
when currency exchange rates are set by supply and demand |
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) |
Investment in business in one country by a firm from another country |
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Import Quota |
Restricting how much of a specific foreign product can enter the country |
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Labor Intensive |
Industry requiring labor as the main input |
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Mercantilism |
Economic approach involving governments attempting to ensure that they have a positive balance of trade |
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Monitarism |
Supply and demand for money is the primary means of regulating economic activity |
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NeoLiberalism |
A theoretical perspective prioritizing open markets and international free trade |
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Non-tariff Barriers to Trade |
A government's use of policies other than tariffs, such as quotes or voluntary export restrictions, to limit or prevent competing foreign goods from entering its market |
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Price Supports |
Government action to uphold a domestic product's price, usually by buying the product. |
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Protectionism |
A government's defense of its domestic industries from foreign competition |
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Subsidies |
Government payments that underwrite domestic industries so that they can lower their prices and sell more competitively internationally. |
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Who says economic policy should be a tool of power politics? (realists, liberals, constructivists) |
Realists |
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Who advocates for free trade? (realists, liberals, constructivists)? |
Liberals |
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Autonomous Development |
Territorially based effort to meet a state's citizens' basic needs |
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Dependecy Theory |
A socioeconomic theory based on the assumption that thr process of the world economic system's development privileged a few coundties while leaving the rest disadvantaged and vulnerable to exploitation |
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Remittance Income |
Money migrants send back to their home countries. This income can have a significant impact on the economies of the home state. |
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Internally Displaced People |
People who are forced to leave their homes but remain within their own countries |
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Replacement-level fertility |
Two parents being replaced by two children |
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Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) |
Groups of states or governments created through treaties and organized for a common purpose |
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Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) |
Groups not directly related to governments but that are organized to take and active part in international affairs. |
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Positive Law |
A belief that international law exists only through those rules which states have consented in writing, usually in treaties, or have otherwise clearly recognized. |
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Natural Law |
Universal law that transcends human-made rules and regulations |
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Overver Missions |
A UN mission whereby international forces are present to observe a cease-fire by or for the opposing forces in a dispute |
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Peacekeeping Mission |
A UN mission whereby troops not only observe a cease-fire but also act as a buffer between the two sides of a conflict. |
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Peace Enforcement Missions |
A UN mission whereby troops observe, act as a buffer, and as a last resort, are allowed to use military force to keep the peace. |
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_________ see IGOS as extentions of state power |
Realists |
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________ see IGOS as independent actors exerting influence |
Linerals |
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Jus Ad Bellum |
Justice of war; the necessary conditions for undertaking a legitimate war |
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Jus in Bello |
Justice in war (the laws of war) ; acceptable and unacceptable behaviors during a war. |
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For a war to be considered just, the following criteria must be met |
1. Just Cause 2. Rightful authority 3. Chance for success |
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Comparative politics |
The subdiscipline of political science that seeks to identify and explain patterns of governance, development, civic involvement and modernization |
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Political theory |
The subdiscipline of political science that examines, in depth, the text and ideas that underpin the rest of political science. |
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Trade and development structures and processes are intended to enhance the power of the core at the expense of the periphery. This is the view from which paradigm of international relations? |
Marxism |
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How has the world become smaller? |
1. Globalization vs fragmentation 2, Economic Liberalization 3. MNCs 4, Technology 5. Terrorism |
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Discuss how the issue of climate change represents the tensions in the international system |
1. Conflict in domestic political agreements 2. Cooperation as in states come together to work on the issue 3. Globalization as national-level industrial and agricultural practices and policies have global impact 4. Fragmentation as interests differ by state and by region |
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Realism - Core Concepts |
1. Realists hold a pessimistic view of human nature and the transformation of the world 2. Realism emphasizes the struggle for power among political units 3. Realism holds that states are rational actors 4. States have autonomy from domestic society to pursue their goals or pursuit of the national interest 5. States are unitary actors 6. The international system is anarchic in nature |
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Realism - 6 concepts |
1. Politics is governed by objective laws with roots in human nature 2. Interest is defined in terms of power 3. Interest in power is universally valid, but not fixed 4. Universal moral principles cannot be applied to state action; such analysis require specific references to the circumstances of the time and place 5. Realism does not identify moral aspirations of one state with moral laws that govern the universe 6. The political sphere is autonomous and realism provides a distinct intellectual and mora attitude toward politics |
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Diaspora |
The dispersion of people throught the world from their original homeland |
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Liberalism - Core ideas |
1. Cooperation human nature is good. more incentive for cooperation 2. State Benefits - Not a zero sum game. States get mutual benefits from cooperating 3. Other groups have equal importance with the state 4. Institutionalism - What conditions will states pursue cooperation of conflict 5. State Focus - Security is not focus instead economy and social issues 6. Interdependence power is no longer reliant on military strength and one event will ripple across the world 7. Liberal Democracy and Democratic Peace - Democracies will never vote to go to war and will seek diplomatic options. |
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Constructivism - Core ideas |
1. Actors are produced and created by their cultural environments (AKA Arabs) 2. Brute facts = Things are as they appear in nature (Rocks, gravity, flowers) 3. Social facts - Things that require human agreement (Money, refugees, terrorism, human rights) 4. Power includes allocation of differential rewards and capacities through several mediums like "knowledge, ideas, identity construction." Power isn't just force. It is also about understanding how actor's knowledge, ideas and identity influence others. |
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Discuss imperialism in the context of the evolution of the world economy |
1. Technology 2. Trade 3. Ideological 4. Competition |
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Was imperialism positive or negative? |
1. Empires changed the course of history by influencing regional and sometimes worldwide power dynamics for generations 2. They spread goods, ideas, religion, peoples, illnesses, plants and animals over the face of the globe 3. They forced the early demise of some cultures and extended the reach of others 4. they caused peace and led to war 5. Failed states |
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Compare the views of realists, liberals, and constructavists on the requirements for security |
1. Realist view (military power is essential to a state's influence in the world, State should support the goals of a military campaign, the potential for conflict is ever present and the state should arm itself) 2. Liberal view (Sometimes reduction in arms and sometimes not is pursued by individual leaders, consequence of widespread poverty and economic stagnation, Can be overcome with confidence building measures it is a variable sum game. 3. Conructivist view (Individuals perceive direct threats against self, Public opinion has to be considered and can lead to arm control measures to curb the expansion of war, States can learn and change the negative environment by engaging in cooperative relationships. |
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What are the elements of power? |
1. Economic capabilities 2. Military power 3. Political will 4. Soft Power |
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How do the differnt theories relate to the international economy? |
1. Realist view (Individual investor will behave as predatorily as possible and only gov't laws will prevent opportunistic investors from destabilizing trade. Powerful domestic industries will be able to restrict trade with economic and political power for government protections. States will seek to protect relative gains in international markets) 2. Liberal View (Political leaders will promote privitization over nationalization and trade with those who they have comparative advantages, Domestic - Social, political, and economic sacrifices are necessary to the domestic level to benefit from international free trade. States will use regimes and institutions to enhance cooperation 3. Constructivism (A single scholar by offering new ideas can change how states set their priorities and behave internationally. Domestic - the structure and institutions will reflect the states' interests and identities internationally. The anarchy of the international system sets constraints and opportunities but does not determine institutions' or states' identities. |
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How has HIV/AIDS impacted development? |
1. the disease kills workers necessary for development 2. All has a ripple effect 3. All leads to less income 4. international response: UN development goals |
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Discuss the challenges posed by population growth |
1. Youth bulging 2. Underemployment 3. Graying 4. Infrastructure demands 5. Migration 6. Brain Drain 7. Remittance Income 8. Population Control, family planning services. |
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What are the major environmental issues facing the international system? |
1. Deforestation 2. Pollution - Conferences on climate change; NGO efforts 3. Water - Conferences on water; NGO efforts 4. Food - World Food Programme 5. Energy - Creation of IEA; role of OPEC; search for alternative energy sources |
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How do the 3 major paradigms of international relations view just war? |
Realist view - (realists assume the future will be like the present, will include the security dilemma and will remain anarchic. the great powers will continue to put their own interests first. Liberal view - Rise of global society, increasing interdependence, and the growing world economy leads to the downgrade of anarchy. Anticipate an increase in cooperation. Constructivist view - Global political institutions are the result of decision-making elites' identities, assumptions, and interpretations of the world around them and the consequences of their interactions. International relations are not rooted in the system and is free to morph as people and representative groups identity's and interpretations of the world change leading to very different interests and political interactions. |
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Does it matter whether a now-independent state was claimed through elite or settler colonialism? |
1. Elite Colonialism - Indigenous rulers are replaced by a European political and economic elite, but the native population remains essentially in place; much of the culture thus remains intact. 2. Settler Colonialism - immigrants seize land from the indigenous population and become the dominant population. |
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Fragmentation |
Adherence to or embracing of regional and even local political authority, economic development, social and cultural associations, ethnic or national divisions, and so on; more generally, the act, process, or result of breaking something into smaller pieces. |
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Greenfield investments |
Developing and industry in a foreign country from the ground up |
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hegemon |
Predominant world power |
