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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Secular
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concerned with worldly rather than spiritual manners
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Indulgence
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a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin
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Predestination
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the doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be eternally saved
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Calvinism
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a body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformers John Calvin
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Utopia
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an imaginary land described by Thomas Moore in his book Utopia, hence an ideal place
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Johann Gutenberg
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developed the printing press
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Vernacular
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the everyday language of a people in a region or country
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Anglican
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relating to the church of England
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Peace of Augsburg
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a 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by it's ruler
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Catholic Reformation
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a 16th century movement in which the roman catholic church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation
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Annul
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to cancel or set aside
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Perspective
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an artistic technique that creates the appearance of the three dimension on a flat surface
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Lutheranism
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is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the theology of Martin Luther, a German reformer.
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Council of Trent
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a meeting of Roman Catholic leaders called by Pope Paul III to rule on the doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers
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Hernando Cortez
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a Spaniard landed on the shores of Mexico in 1519
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Middle passage
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the voyage that brought captured africans to the west indies and later to North and South America to be sold as slaves - so called because it was consider the middle leg of the triangular trade
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Joint stock company
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a business in which investors pooled their wealth for a common purpose, then shared the profits
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Conquistadors
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the Spanish soldiers explorers and fortune hunters who took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century
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Jamestown
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the settlement named after the king by the colonists when they landed in present day Virginia
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Capitalism
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an economic system based on privated ownership and on the the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit.
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Encomienda
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a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas including the right to use native americans as laborers on it
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Colombian exchange
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the global transfer of plants animals and diseases that occurred during the European colonization of the Americans
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Pilgrims
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a group of people who in 1620 founded the colony Plymouth, Massachusetts to escape religious persecution in England
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Colony
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a land controlled by another nation
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Triangle trade
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the trans-atlantic trading network along which slaves and other goods were carried between African, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in the Americas
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Atahualpa
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March 20, 1497 – August 29, 1533, was the last Sapa Inca or sovereign emperor of the Tahuantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire, prior to the Spanish conquest of the Incan Empire.
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Mestizo
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a person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry
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Francisco Pizarro
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another conquistador marched a small force into South America and conquered the Incan empire
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Puritans
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a group of people who sought freedom from religious persecution in England by founding a colony at Massachusetts bay in the early 1600
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Mercantilism
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an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they brought
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French & Indian war
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a conflict between Britain and France for control of territory in North America in 1754-1763
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Edict of Nantes
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a 1598 declaration in which the French King Henry IV promised that protestants could live in peace in France and could set up houses of worship in some French cities
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Boyar
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a land owning noble of Russia
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Intendants
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a French government official appointed by the Monarch to collect taxes and administer justice
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Cardinal Richelieu
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became in effect the ruler of France
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Cabinet
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a group of advisors or ministers chosen by the head of a country to help make government decisions
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habeas corpus
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a document requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court or judge so that it can be decided whether his or her imprisonment is legal
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Skepticism
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a philosophy based on the idea that nothing can be known for sure
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English Civil War
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a conflict lasting from 1642-1649 in which puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England's monarchy
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Restoration
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the period of Charles II rule over England after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government
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Westernization
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an adoption of social, political, or economic institutions of westerns, especially of European or American countries
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Glorious Revolution
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the bloodless overthrow of the English King James II and his replacement by William and Mary
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Absolute Monarch
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a king or queen who has ultimate power and seeks to control all aspects of society
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War of Spanish Succession
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a conflict lasting from 1701-1713 in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France
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Divine Right
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the idea that monarchs are gods representatives on Earth and are therefore answerable only to God
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Constitutional Monarchy
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a system of governing in which the rulers power is limited by law
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Geocentric
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in the middle ages the earth centered view of the universe in which scholars believed the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe
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Salon
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a social gathering of intellectuals and artist like those held in the homes of wealthy women in paris and other european cities during the enlightenment
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Phiosophe
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one of a group of social thinkers in France during the enlightenment
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Enlightened despot
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one of the 18th century European monarchs who was inspired by enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of subjects
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federal system
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a system of government in which power is divided between the central authority and a number of individual states
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Bill of rights
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the first ten amendments to the US constitution which protects citizen's basic rights and freedoms
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Scientific Revolution
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a major change in European thought starting in the mid 1500 in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs
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Heliocentric
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the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun
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Baroque
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relating to a grand ornate style that characterized European painting, music, and architecture in the 1600's and early 1700's
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Neoclassical
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relating to a simple elegant style based on the ideas and themes of ancient greece and rome that characterized the arts in Europe during the late 1700's
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Declaration of Independence
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a statement of the reasons for the American colonies break with Britain, approved by the second continental congress in 1776
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Scientific method
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a logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypothesis
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Enlightenment
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an 18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society
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Social Contract
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the agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights thus creating an organized society or government
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Battle of Trafalgar
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an 1805 naval battle in which Napolean's forces were defeated by British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson
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Old Regime
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the political and social system that existed in France before the French revolution
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National Assembly
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a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789 to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people
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Legislative Assembly
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a French congress with the power to create laws and approve declaration of war established by the constitutions
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Emigres
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a person who leaves his native country for political reasons like the nobles and others who fled France during the peasant uprising of the French revolution
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Continental System
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Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy
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Scorched earth policy
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the practice of burning crops and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy can live off the land
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Concordat
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a formal agreement, especially one between the pope and the government dealing with the control of church affairs
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Guerillas
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a member of loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying his or her country
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Estates General
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an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates or social classes in France
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Plebiscite
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a direct vote in which a countries people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal
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Guillotine
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a machine for beheading people used as a means of execution during the French revolution
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Tennis Court Oath
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a pledge made by the members of Frances national assembly in 1789 in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn out a new constitution
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Reign of Terror
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the period from mid 1793 to mid 1794 when Maximilian Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed
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Napoleonic Code
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a comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon
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Estates
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one of the tree social classes in France before the French Revolution-the first estate consiting of the clergy, the second estate of the nobility, and the third estate of the population
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Congress of Vienna
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a series of meetings in 1814 through 1815 during which the European leaders sought to establish long lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon
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Factories
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a large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods
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Capitalism
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a economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit
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Karl Marx
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the writing of a german journalist introduce the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism
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Unions
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an association of workers formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages
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Laissez faire
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the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses
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Middle Class
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a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers
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Industrial Revolution
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the shift beginning in England during the 18th century from making goods by hand to making them by machine
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Urbanization
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the growth of cities and the migration of people into them
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Enclosures
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one of the fenced in or hedged in fields created by wealthy british land owners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers
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Communism
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a economic system in which all means of production, land mines, factories, rail roads and businesses are owned by the people, private property does not exist all goods and services are shared equally
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Adam Smith
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a professor at the University of Glasgow, Scotland defended the idea of a free economy or free markets in his 1776 book, "The Wealth of Nations"
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Entrepreneur
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a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risk of a business
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Strike
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to refuse to work in order to force an employer to meet certain demands
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Socialism
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an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all
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Utilitarianism
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the theory proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700's that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest food for the greatest number of people
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