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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cold War |
- USA and USSR allies in WWII
- after war, alliance soured; animosity
- 2nd 1/2 of 20thC involved their conflicts |
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Yalta Conference |
1945 - Britain and USA recognise Soviet's sphere of power in eastern Europe |
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Iron Curtain |
- referenced in British PM Winston Churchill's speech (wanted end to communism)
- symbol of Cold War division of Europe between east and west |
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Truman Doctrine |
1947 - US Pres Truman pledges US support to 'free peoples' threatened by communist insurgency - indicates continued US involvement in Europe - shift in US policy from isolationism to participation in world affairs - proclaimed US leadership of the 'free world'
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Marshall Plan |
1948-52 - US economic assistance to Europeto secure economic and political stability - USSR rejects on grounds of American imperialism, makes COMECON |
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Proxy War |
- indirect war using other countries and soldiers than your own but supplying resources
- 1950-53 Korean War (N USSR; S USA) - Vietnam |
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Korean War |
- proxy war; 1950-53 - brings Asia into conflict - AU and NZ into closer alliance w/ USA - US establishes bases on Japan, Japan's economy boosted |
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McCarthyism |
- US senator Joseph McCarthy - anti-communist crusade - claims w/ no evidence of communist politicians - US politicians forced to go out of their way to prove they aren't communist |
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NATO |
- North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (1949) - defence alliance against USSR |
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Warsaw Pact |
- USSR response to NATO (1955) - saw NATO as threat and wanted their own military alliance |
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Nikita Kruschchev |
- 1st Secretary of CPSU - demonized Stalin, released millions from prison, called for peaceful coexistance w/ west, disliked political elite - build up industry and arms - USSR leader |
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Nomenklatura |
- Communist Party -list of names of all responsible postions and individuals approved to hold those positions - put in place to ensure communist people stay in power - quickly turns corrupt |
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Hungarian Uprising |
1956 - Hungary emboldened by Khrushchev's leniance - demands for soviet withdrawal - hungarian political system liberalised by reformist prime minister - soviet troops invade and triumph - west does nothing to help
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Berlin Wall |
- Berlin = hole in iron curtain - east is USSR; west is US - Khrushchev wants east Germany, US doesn't want to go against plan w/ Germany to reunify - Wall constructed by USSR 1961 to prevent people moving from east to west |
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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Oct 1962 - Soviet missiles moved to Cuba - JFK blockades Cuba - almost global nuclear war - agreement reached missiles removed |
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Leonid Brezhnev |
- 1st secretary of CPSU 1964-82 - USSR leader, conservative - reversed the mild liberalism of Khrushchev's era |
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Prague Spring |
1968 - attempted reform of Czechoslovakia - crushed by USSR and Warsaw pact members - justified by Brezhnev Doctrine (interests of international socialism prevail over principle of national sovereignty) |
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Brezhnev Doctrine |
- interests of international socialism prevail over principle of national sovereignty - USSR entangled in arms race w/ US - costly military engagements (Afghanistan) to uphold this result in ultimate demise |
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Domino policy |
- belief held by US - states of SE Asia like dominos, if one falls to communism, all would |
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Vietnam War |
1964-75 - Vietnam divided (N USSR; S US) - proxy war - Eisenhower pledged US aid - all following US pres during the time felt they had to uphold that promise - unwinnable, natives rebelled and used guerilla warfare - US discontent w/ involvemnet - ends with Communist victory |
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Strategic Arms Limitation Talks |
SALT Treaty (1972) - place numerical limits on Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)
SALT II Treaty (1979) - further limitations on nuclear weapons |
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Mikhail Gorbachev |
- general secretary CPSU: 1985-91 - reduced direct Soviet military engagements (unlike Brezhnev) - defused Cold War, reformed Soviet economy, admin, and gov't |
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Glasnost |
'openness' -allowed freedom of expression to Soviet citizens |
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Perestroika |
'restructuring' - allowed elements of market economy and democracy in an overall centralised communist system |
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1991 Coupe of Russia |
- Gorbachev opposed by conservatives and liberals - failed coupe - Gorbachev resigns 1991 |
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Fall of Berlin Wall |
1989 - East germans breach the Wall and begin its demolition - reunification of East and West Germany 1990 |
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Bretton Woods Conference |
- 1944 towards the end of WWII - motivation: financial stability through internat economic cooperation Established: 1.) United Nations 2.) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (Word Bank) - long-term loans 3.) International Monetary Fund (IMF) - short-term loans 4.) US dollar becomes standard medium of exchange |
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Americanization |
- post-wear European prosperity dependent on American capital
- coca-colonisation (fears of cultural dominance by USA) |
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Welfare State |
- State accepts responsibility for provision of services (health, housing, education, etc)
- validated by economic theories of John Keynes
- fully developed post WWII, started to decline in the 1970s |
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Keynesianism |
- economic viability depends substantially on economic growth
- linked w/ welfare state |
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Civil Rights Movement |
- Segregation in South US maintained w/ Jim Crow laws - 1954 Supreme Court rules federal > state laws - 1957 National Assoc. for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) - African Americans desire equal rights - Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King led movement - largely acheived in Civil Rights Act 1964 & Voting Rights Act 1965 - based mostly on non-violence, passive resistance |
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Black Power |
- other side of CRM - theme of raising balck cultural pride, identity and political consciousness -separatism - blacks should stay away from whites - Malcolm X; Nation of Islam |
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Youth Rebellion |
1960's - Baby boomers, raised in relative affluence coming into adulthood - reject aspects of older gen; struggle against authority - student protest movement against war (Vietnam and Cold); disparity between high expenditure for military and low spending on education Success: Supreme Court sanctions abortions; revitalisation of women's rights; gay right's championed |
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OPEC Oil Crisis |
1973 - Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - rise in oil prices due to cuts in production and embargoes as a political strategy to reduce support to Israel - results in Global recession - Europe tries to distance themselves from US to avoid rising prices |
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Responses to Global Recession 1973-75 |
- Monetarism (less gov't interference in economy)
- Margaret Thatcher (rolling back the state) and Ronald Reagan (cuts social spending, hikes military expenditure - US debt increases)
- welfare states dismantled, unemployment rises - private opporunity and personal responsibility |
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Monetarism |
economic doctrine that gov'ts should interfere as little as possible in economy |
