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134 Cards in this Set
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The reasons for rise of British Empire |
geographical position investments in ships focus on trade, nor conquering colonozation |
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Why trade with China was essential to Britain? |
goods that build their economy (tea), repayment of the debt |
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prelude to 1st Opium War |
unsatisfaction with Chinese rules cultural differences, ignorance search for good China will be willing to trade to |
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How and when 1st Opium War started? |
4 September, 1839 British provision was seized |
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On what terms and when 1st Opium War ended? |
August 1842 loss of China - unequal treaty: Hong Kong is British; 21 mln $; 5 new ports |
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When and why 2nd Opium War began? |
October, 1856 unsatisfaction Brits with failure of Opium legalisation, desire to seize more territories |
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What changed since 1st Opiym War? |
France joined Britain |
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On what terms 2 Opium War ended? |
more unfair to China: 10 more ports Christian missionary Legalisation of opium |
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British East Indian Company, beginning + purposes |
1600 initially, spice trade trade of goods (silk, cotton, tea, opium) |
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Robert Clive |
one of the creators of British power in India won the "Battle of Plassey" |
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British Raj |
period of direct British rule over the Indian subcontinent (1858-1947) |
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Indian National Congress |
political party of India 1885 - present part of a movement for independence from GB |
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the Scramble for Africa |
colonisation of Africa (1884-1914) |
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Countries that participated in the Scramble for Africa |
France, GB, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Germany |
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Why Africa wasn't colonised yet? |
diseases, people, inconvenience (horses could not enter) |
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what enabled Europeans conquer Africa? |
technological superiority |
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Berlin conference |
1884-1885 established the rules for the conquest and partition of Africa consisted of 16 white leaders |
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First slaves |
Spanish colonists in 16 century forced native groups to extract gold from mines then understood how profitable it is - no labor costs then made them work in fields, so their trip'd be the most profitable |
Spain, gold, native groups |
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The Britain's role in slavery |
transferred from Africa to Americas the most |
transport |
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end of slavery in Britain (f/p) |
1807 - formally 1833 - practically |
25 years difference |
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King Leopold of Belgium and the Congo Free State |
1885-1908 (23 y) Belgian King Leopold ruled the Congo Free State Thought colonisation is crucial, did it with his own hands, fooled the government |
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Boer War |
War for independence. Anglo-Boer (South African) war before Scramble for Africa |
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Cecil Rhodes |
empire builder of British South Africa; helped Britain, founded the firm that controlled global trade - invested in diamonds end of 19th ct |
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Why didn't America grow till 1800? |
anti-imperialism bent didn't want to integrate other races |
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what changed the debate about American expansionism? |
skyrocketed economy required bereaucracy |
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key turning point of America's rise |
1898 annexed a lot of territories rapid acquisition made seem as a true power |
wars, acquisition |
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Andrew Carnegie |
invested in sales, sleeping car on railroad, built the largest steel manufacturing company in the world |
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JP Morgan |
American financier reorganised businesses (railroads) to have control over them⁶ |
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Henry Ford |
Founder of the Ford Motor Company revolutionized the way cars are built (the assembly line technique of mass production) |
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Model T |
a car was introduced in 1908 was easy to use, cheap made almost half of all cars 10 years later |
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Teddy Roosevelt |
youngest president of America beginning of 20th ct "trust buster" - was against monopolies |
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What was the purpose of 1900 Paris Exhibition? |
to celebrate achievements of the past century and accelerate development into the next |
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why did Austria-Hungary have a shaky position before WW1? |
everywhere was rise of nationalism, but not there Emperor Franc Joseph ruled over the country for more than 50 years made questionable decisions (to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina, part of Ottoman Empire) Everyone protested, especially Serbia Anti-austrian movement among slavics |
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Triple Alliance 1WW |
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy |
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The Triple Entente 1WW |
England, France, Russia - 1907 |
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British-German relationships before 1WW |
Germans admired Br, especially navy But built navy only to challenge Brits |
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Why did Br-Gr relationships got worse 1WW? |
Brits (Churchill) offered to stop ship building: for Br it is essential, but for Gr is luxury, but kaiser Wilhelm did not take it |
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Biggest Russian fear during 1WW? |
alliance Germany and Ottoman Empire, because of export of wheats through Dardanelles |
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Consequences of building navy in Germany (1WW) |
Germany spent 1/3 of defence budget on navy, could not afford a two front war |
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reasons for wars near Balkans? |
slavics wanted a pan-slavic nation, declare their independence |
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excuse for WW1 |
Austria-Hungarian Archduke, Franz Ferdinand have a trip in his open top car, got killed by a Serbian nationalist AH thinks Serbia has smth to do with it Secure support of Germany, give a list of demands to Serbia declare war |
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German's plan WW1 |
to defeat France quickly while Russians are preparing |
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How Germans plan went? WW1 |
France had a great defence near border decided to go through Belgium - fought back, slowed them down GB declared war on Germany as well |
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What happened when Russia was ready for war? |
Germany didn't expect that, asked AH to help, but it wasn't successful - always ignored Germans' advices |
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how WW1 was going on Western front (Gr/Fr, Bg, GB)? |
firstly Germany was beating, then beaten trenches |
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How the problem with deadlock on Western front was solved? |
New Frontiers: Allies: Italy, Japan :Ottoman Empire , but it didn't really change anything |
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what did Germany do to change the situation? |
Not the fairest act - chemical warfare |
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New weapons of WW1 |
tanks, airplanes - for bombing, submarines |
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The Battle of Verdun |
1916 the longest battle French city (Fr/Gr) |
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Battle of the Somme (why? who? when?) |
1916 French asked to draw Germans attention away, British started the battle |
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1917, who broke first? 1WW |
all are exhausted, but Russia the most, so it surrended |
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how, when did USA join war? |
in 1917 throughout the war helped Allies, sending support joined Allies (bc of Luisitania - British ship that drowned with 100 americans) |
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what was the last push of Germany? 1WW |
until fresh American troops arrive, defeat France and UK started final attack, on the Somme |
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when, why did 1WW ended? |
11 hour, 11 day, 11 month, 1918 Allies were stronger |
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Treaty of Versailles |
1. reduce military 2. accept war guilt 3. reparations |
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Woodrow Wilson, 14 points |
American president tried to bring peace beginning of 1918, came up with 14 points (document with rules for everybody what to do next) that will bring it |
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Why did Russia fall far behind europe? |
Autocracy |
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reforms of Czar Alexander 2 |
1861, abolition of serfdom |
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Tsar Alexander 3 |
son of Alexander 2, repressed religious minoroties, non-russians introduced the Okhrana (a secret police force to combat political terrorism, left wing activity) |
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Tsar Nicholas |
was not prepared to rule after inviting everyone for beer and pretzels, Khodynka tragedy happened, where 1500 people were killed because of crowd crash |
traits? what undermined his authority? |
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Lenin, beliefs, life story |
was a fan of Marx (social warfare), even was exiled to Siberia After went to europe, joined the club of marxists/communists there founded communist newsletter, smuggled into Russia |
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How party splited? |
not everyone agreed with Lenin, he was short-tempered; so they split up Lenin set up his own fraction of the party - Bolshevik the other one - Menshevik |
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Sergey Witte |
influential advisor of Tsar knew industrialization is needed, persuaded easily-swayed Nicolas borrowed money, got factories |
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Why did workers strike? |
terrible conditions |
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the reason, result of war with Japan |
Nicholas wanted to regain support of the prople by winning an easy war (Japan), but Russia lost |
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reasons of revolution |
all people were unsatisfied with confitions Tsars lived their lives while they were dying from hunger |
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Peaceful protest |
January 1905 Father Gapon was leading workers to the winter palace. Wanted to deliver a petition for Nicholas (more freedom, better working conditions) |
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Bloody sunday |
January 22, 1905 Troops opened fire on civilians 200 deaths, 800 wounded |
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Leon Trotsky |
marxist, with others began setting up Soviets - councils that coordinated strikes and supplied workers. a bit later were gotten rid of; Trotsky repressed |
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solution of Tsar (in fact, Sergei) on how to calm people down during revilution |
manifest for liberals to create Duma - elected assembly but in fact it won't work bc of changes in it |
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Pyotr Stolypin |
next Tsar's helper reforms for peasants Stolypin's necktie - hegman's noose |
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revolution 1917, reasons |
country was in the war they could not afford for 3 years, autocratic regime was outdated, people wanted to put an end of it |
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how Romanovy dynasty ended? |
people demanded Nicholas to leave his post and he didn't have a choice |
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how did Russia survive without a Tsar? |
provisional government - liberals (official government) Soviets - workers (socialists, mensheviks) (issuing orders of workers and soldiers) |
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how Lenin took powers? |
"Peace, land, bread" - power to the Soviets bolsheviks became more popular After some tensions, just took the palace by force |
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Alexander Kerensky |
minister of war, didn't want to quit war in 1917 (if we win, people will support, but they lost) |
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responce of Kerensky (prime minister) to violence? |
people used bolsheviks slogans, so bolshevik leaders (Lenin, Trotskiy) were arrested/sent |
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General Kornilov |
was promoted by Kerensky, but overthrew him gathered soldiers and wanted to take power to get rid of bolsheviks |
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What was wrong with Bolsheviks ruling? |
It was not fair, was actually autocracy; they didn't collaborate with othet parties; lost a war, were humiliated; signed the treaty on unfair terms |
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Russian civil war |
1917-1923 white (anti-bolshevik) movement gained control over undeveloped areas, were disorganized reds - controlled the industrial heartland, organized; got on top |
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USSR (when? ruling party) |
1922, under strict one party system |
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how did Stalin come to power? |
he was giving people jobs, so he surrounded himself with supporters. Lenin was against |
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USA on WW1 results |
Woodrow Wilson: league of nations (to prevent wars) 14 points Germany shouldn't be blamed for the war |
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French on WW1 results |
Georges Clemenceau: punish Germany - huge reparations + disbandment of Gr Army return Alsace Lorraine to Fr no league of nations |
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British on WW1 results |
Lloyd George: lands for BE, naval supremacy |
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the Treaty of Versailles (when? what?) |
1. return territories to Fr; Gr colonies to Fr, GB; return Polish corridor - way to Baltic sea 2. limited army and navy 3. reparations, no league of nations, admit ther fault |
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League of Nations (when? why?) |
1920 to solve conflicts without wars; improve civil rights |
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general trends in life of 1920s |
a lot of music, dances, less work, more freedom to women - shorter skirts; vote rights sport in teams - representation of wars |
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reasons, results of hyper-inflation in Gr |
had to pay reparations, printed more money, devalued all saved money |
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National self-determination: concept, problems w it |
By Wodroow Wilson Poland for polish.. But territories were not precise |
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pre WW2: first agressor |
1. Japan (were out of resources, decided to attack China, left League of Nation sometimes considered as beginning of WW2 |
Japan |
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pre WW2: Italy |
Benitto Mussolini was a fan of Roman Empire - wanted to reunite all Italians Bc Italy didn't get benefits from WW1 and had weak government, people supported 1st fascist dictator wanted to have colonies independent African country - Ethiopia |
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Italo-Ethiopian war |
1935-36 Italy had colonies near Ethiopia, invaded Won |
- how started? results? |
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Anti-Comintern Pact |
1936 Gr + Jp; after Italy fight against communism together |
when? who? why? |
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pre WW2: Germany |
1933 - Hitler, progermanism (wanted to unite all germans on other territories (Pl..); unite w Austria) Building up slowly and not having resistance: 1.out of Ligue of N 2.takes one territory back 3.building new army - Wermaht 4.going to demilitarized area |
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Czechoslovak crisis |
1938 Germany wanted to take Sudetenland important region for ChechoSlovakia hoped for help from Russia/France (pact in 1935) Russia couldn't help (Poland wouldn't let them go through, pact guaranteed help from 2 countries only) France already had other political views |
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Munich agreement |
1938 Eng, Fr agree to Gr have their territory back other countries wanted part of their territories Czechoslovakia gave in |
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Why did South was ok with Hitler moving to West? |
Wanted to redirect aggression |
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What did Hitler do after taking part of C-S? |
1. separate it into Slovakia (who has a lot of 3rd reich supporters) and occupies other part - Chezh 2. Takes part of Lithuania 3. wants to take back Polish territory, but meets resistance |
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T4 project |
the beginning of Nazis mass murder late 1930 200000 disabled people were killed save purity of German race useless people should be eliminated |
when? why? whom? |
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concentration camps |
1930s Jewish, Black, Russians, Slavics, LGBT large-scale prisons (sometimes killed) |
when? who? what? |
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Hitler's lifestory |
1. Austrian 2. Father married an old rich woman, then their housemaid, then when she became ill - his cousin their children died as infants, Adolf was ok 3. anti-semitism movement :arys people are the best, Jews the worst 4. expelled from school, wanted to be an artist, went to Germany 5. After the WW1 where he was brave, Germany was humiliated and anti-war propaganda was spread by Communists and Jews |
origin family beliefs lifestory what provocated |
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invasion of Poland WW2 |
1.Polish corridor separated Germany, they wanted to get it Alliance threatened to have a war if they did 2. so, made an agreement with Russia 3. 1 September, 1939 |
why? who? when? |
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Phony war |
as Hitler invaded Pl, West declared war, but seemed like nobody did anything: French stood near the border, but didn't attack wanted not to repeat 1WW |
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Sweden, Norway in WW2 |
neutral Sweden exported iron ore to Gr through neutral Norway Allies asked to stop, they refused USSR attacked Finland, excuse to come and help (and take iron fields), refused Hitler saw their plan, went to Norway Battle with Allies - Gr took control over airfields, Allies retreated |
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Hitler's strategy WW2 |
attack France, then UK, then USSR |
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How WW2 went in the west? |
again were near Belgium |
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Blitzkrieg on France |
GR sent refugees, found a weak spot - Ardennes (hills and forests - though it was naturally impenetrable) Penetrated and circled Allies France fell |
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UK after fall of France WW2 |
didn't give up Hitler tried to intimidate them, bc they were all alone Italy declared war on the Allies Hitler made it seem like part of France just switched sides |
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GR attack on GB (WW2) |
air attack Br ports, air stations GB - small attack over Berlin - Hitler furious Hitler ordered to attack civilian targets in London - British didn't give up and even had time to reorganise air forces another attack on London - repelled it |
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Triapartite act WW2 |
Germany, Italy, Japan 1942 defence alliance later - Hungary, Romania |
who? when? why? |
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USSR's annexations WW2 |
a small part of Finland baltic states (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia), part of Romania |
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role of US in WW2 |
sent supplies to Allies German boats were a barrier, but cracked their code |
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what was a real struggle for Germans in Russia? |
Cold Hitler didn't supply them with winter clothes, bc he though he'd win already |
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reasons for Japanese attack on US |
wanted to expand territories on the south, but it was colonised by Americans and British their navy would not win decided to destroy their navies before the conquest |
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Pearl Harbor |
air attack from JP on US Pacific Fleet December, 1941 After that Roosevelt declared war on Japan |
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NATO |
1949, threat by Soviet Union after WW2 secure peace in Europe, cooperate, promote freedom 12 countries (now 29) |
when was established? why? for whom? |
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Truman Doctrine |
1949 American foreign policy to support countries threatened by Soviet Communism |
when? why? |
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beginning of cold war |
Truman Doctrine, 1949 |
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The Marshall plan (European Recovery Program) |
U.S. program provided aid to Western Europe to help after WW2. 1948 15 billion$ |
what? when? who? |
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Berlin Blockade Cold War |
Soviets blocked rail, road access to Western part of Berlin in response, they flew supplies in (Berlin airlift) |
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Chinese in Cold War |
communist regime, allies with the Soviets attacks in Korea (both dictators, wanted to take each other's powers) |
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de-stalinization |
1956 Nikita Khrushev |
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Khrushev's ruling |
a bit milder than Stalin, BUT supressesed revolutions, banned a lot of things Spied on West |
internal, external politics? |
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KGB |
комитет гос безопасности the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 - 1991 |
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Red Scare |
widespread fear of a potential rise of communism communists interfered with US policies |
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achievements' contest bt Russia n USA |
1st satellite - R 1st man in the space - R better weapon - R US spent all money on military, not on people( West Germany was far more, East - not |
space, weapon, Germany |
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conflict over Germany CW |
West Gr was more progressive People could move freely, stayed in the West part - lead to downfall of economy in the east
1961 Khrushev built a wall in Berlin |
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Cuba's crisis |
Revolution in Cuba America is vulnerable Cuba n Rs r together almost killed each other w nuclear weapon |
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Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963 |
prohibited nuclear weapons tests/explosions anywhere outside the ground |
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USA×RS fight without actually fighting CW |
backed opposite sides in various wars (Vietnam..) |
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detente CW |
relaxation of strained relations spent too much money on weapon in order to rescue economies had to cut off spendings Nickson+Brezhnev |
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what changed the course of CW? |
1989 Gorbachev came to power: really eliminated restrictions, signed some contracts with US, allowed East Bloc to decide their own ruling |
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how German conflict was solved in Germany CW? |
1989 when curtain wall fell in Hungary, travelled their, but ruler tried to stop them Mass protests, finally allowed 1990 Germany reunited |
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