World History Midterm

Front 1

Scientific Method

Back 1

Method of coming to Scientific Claims and proving theories - Formalized by Francis Bacon and Descartes

Front 2

Status Quo

Back 2

During every revolution, people would rebel and go against what was the "norm"

Front 3

Observation

Back 3

Something that can be observed - not made up based on myth

Front 4

Heliocentric vs. Geocentric

Back 4

Heliocentric - theory that sun is center of the galaxy - Copernicus

Geocentric - theory that the Earth is the center of the galaxy

Front 5

Hobbes - Social Contract

Back 5

Absolute Monarch - People are unable to function by themselves - People give up individual liberty in exchange for common security

Front 6

Locke - Natural Rights

Back 6

Democracy - Life Liberty and Right to Own property- People are good, can govern themselves, and can learn from mistakes

Front 7

Checks & Balances

Back 7

Limits the power of the government by allowing one group to "check" how fairly another group is using their power. They "balance" each other out.

Front 8

Montesquieu

Back 8

Separation of Power

Front 9

Voltaire

Back 9

Religious Tolerance

Front 10

Rousseau

Back 10

Public Education

Front 11

Beccaria

Back 11

Against Cruel and Unusual Punishment and Death Penalty

Front 12

Wollstonecraft

Back 12

Fought for women's rights - esp. education

Front 13

Galileo

Back 13

Great physicist- telescope- stood up for his beliefs and got sent to jail

Front 14

Absolutism

Back 14

Unrestricted power in government

Front 15

Causes of Revolution

Back 15

Widened gap between social classes

Fight for rights politically

Economic Struggle

Ineffective Ruler

Enlightenment Ideas as an example for those who want change

Front 16

Louis XVI

Back 16

Ruler during French Rev.

Very indecisive

Attempt to flee country, got caught and beheaded

Front 17

Estates General

Back 17

Meeting called with representatives from all three estates. Each estate has 1 vote (even though 3rd Estate has 97% of French pop.)

Front 18

First, Second, and Third Estate

Back 18

First- Monarchy

Second- Clergy & other gov officials

Third- Merchant, Working Class, Poor Families

Front 19

Tennis Court Oath

Back 19

Meeting held by third estate in Tennis Court after being locked out of an Estates General meeting. Decided they would not stop until they created a new document to improve their rights in the Nation

Front 20

Storming of the Bastille

Back 20

Symbolic of taking down the old regime and rebellion. Bastille also held weapons needed to fight the Upper Class

Front 21

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Back 21

Men are born and remain free and equal.

Sovereignty resides essentially in the nation.

Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion, Ownership of private property, and Right to Security

"These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression."

Front 22

Political Spectrum (French Rev) (5 Perspectives)

Back 22

Radical , Liberal, Moderate, Conservative, Reactionary

Front 23

Robespierre

Back 23

Lead the Bourgeoisie during French Rev - Enlightened ideas - became hungry for power and ended up being beheaded because of paranoia

Front 24

Reign of Terror

Back 24

3rd Estate goes blood thirsty and kills a mass # of upper class (no trial)

Front 25

Napoleon Bonaparte

Back 25

Takes over after French Rev - People let him lead country

Front 26

Napleonic Code

Back 26

French Civil Code forbid privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs go to the most qualified.

Front 27

Three Costly Mistakes

Back 27

Continental System - Overpowered by British ships - never conquered England

Peninsular War - When he marched through Iberian Peninsula - lost troops because he didn't own Portugal

Invasion of Russia - once an ally, Nap. lead his troops deep into land to find the city they wanted scorched

Front 28

Lycees

Back 28

Public school systems

Front 29

Concordat

Back 29

Agreement between church and gov

Front 30

Congress of Vienna

Back 30

The first goal was to establish a new balance of power in Europe which would prevent imperialism within Europe, such as the Napoleonic empire, and maintain the peace between the great powers. The second goal was to prevent political revolutions, such as the French Revolution, and maintain the status quo.

Front 31

Nationalism

Back 31

To do things for the love of their country

Front 32

Great Britain - Factors of Production

Back 32

Three FOP : Land, Labor, Resources (Great Britain had all three - led to Industrialization)

Front 33

Causes of Industrialization

Back 33

Factors of Production and Less Expensive ways to do the same task in a more efficient manner

Front 34

Agricultural Revolution

Back 34

Improvement in agricultural technology - increase in food surplus

Front 35

Entrepeneur

Back 35

The owner or manager of a business enterprise who, by risk and initiative, attempts to make profits

Front 36

Urbanization

Back 36

Increase in population in town rather than in rural areas - workers moved to manufacturing hubs - agricultural jobs became less common

Front 37

Bourgeoisie

Back 37

The capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production.

Front 38

Proletariat

Back 38

Working class, unskilled laborers

Front 39

Political Spectrum (Ind. Rev)

Back 39

Communism, Socialism, Capitalism, Utilitarianism...

Front 40

Communism - Karl Marx

Back 40

Founder of Communist movement - unavoidable of Revolution leading to classless society

Front 41

Socialism

Back 41

Welfare of people - health and education to create a more level society

Front 42

Utopia

Back 42

Perfect community

Front 43

Utalitarianism

Back 43

Proper course of action is the one that maximizes utility, usually defined as maximizing total benefit and reducing suffering or the negatives.

Front 44

Capitalism - Adam Smith

Back 44

Invisible Hand - profit - Earn more when you work harder - Smith assumed that individuals try to maximize their own good (and become wealthier), and by doing so, through trade and entrepreneurship, society as a whole is better off. Furthermore, any government intervention in the economy isn't needed because the invisible hand is the best guide for the economy.