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275 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who arrived in Tenochtitlan?
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Cortez
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Where is Tenochtitlan located?
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the valley of mexico
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who was the leader of the aztecs?
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montezuma
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what made cortes decide to stay in mexico?
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the amount of gold
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what did cortez do to make sure his men stayed in mexico with him?
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ordered all his ships sunk so that his men would have to stay and fight the aztecs
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what were the spaniards advantages?
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horses, steel swords and armor, crossbows and light artillery
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what was cortez' number one advantage?
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Dona Marina
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What was Dona Marina's spanish name?
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Malinche
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What was Dona Marina to Cortez?
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she was a native american slave
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why was dona marina an advantage?
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she spoke several languages including spanish
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what did malinche tell cortez?
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how much the aztecs were hated by other native american tribes
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who became allies with the spaniards?
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the tribes that hated the aztecs
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who fought with the spaniards in the battlefield?
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the tribes that hated the aztecs
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what did the tribes teach the aztecs?
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they taught them about the terrain of mexico
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What happened in 1519?
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Montezuma invited spaniards into the city
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Why did montezuma invite the spaniards into the city?
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he feared that cortez may be quetzalcoatl
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After a couple of days of sightseeing, what did Cortez do?
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toook Montezuma prisoner
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What happened while Cortez was out of the city?
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one of his soldiers interfered with a religious ceremony which incited a riot
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Who do the Aztecs believe killed montezuma?
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the spaniards
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Who escapes after Montezuma is killed?
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Cortes and Dona Marina
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Why aren't the aztecs able to chase down the spaniards after montezuma's death?
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an outbreak of smallpox
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What did Cortez do a year later?
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he returns with an army of native american tribes that hated the aztecs
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What happened after the seige between the aztecs and spaniards?
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Tenochtitlan was taken over by the Spaniards and made a Spanish colony
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Who landed on the coast of Peru in 1532?
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Pizarro
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How many men did Pizarro land on Peru with?
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200
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Who was the Incan ruler?
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Atahualpa
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How many men were in Atahualpa's armY?
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30,000
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When Atahualpa arrived to Pizarro's meeting, what happened?
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The Spaniards ambushed his guards, who were unarmed
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What happened to Atahualpa after the meeting?
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He was taken prisoner
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What did Atahaulpa offer for his release?
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Ransom; a room full of gold and other treasures
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What happened once Atahualpa filled the room with gold?
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He melted down the gold into bricks and had Atahualpa killed
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Who ruled Peru after Atahualpa died?
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Spaniards
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How did Pizarro die?
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Fighting occured amongst the Spaniards and he was murdered by one of his soldiers in 1541
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Who was governor of Puerto Rico?
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Ponce De Lion
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What did Ponce de Lion believe?
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a myth about a fountain of youth
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What year did Ponce De Lion organize an expedition?
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1513
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Where did Ponce de Lion land on his expedition?
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St. Augustine
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What was special about Ponce De Lion's expedition?
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It was the first European expedition to reach the US
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What did Pizarro name the land where he landed?
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Florida
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What does Florida mean?
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Full of flowers
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Did Pizarro ever find the fountain of youth?
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no
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Who landed in Tampa Bay in 1528?
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Cabeza de Vaca and Estevanico
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What did de Vaca and Estevanico hope to find?
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A great empire filled with treasures
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Where did De Vaca and Estevanico actually land?
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Galveston, Texas
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What happened to Cabeza de Vaca and Estevanico in Texas?
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They were captured and enslaved by Native Americans
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Did De Vaca and Estevanico escape?
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Yes
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What did De Soto go in search of?
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cities of gold
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Where did De Soto explore areas from?
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the Southeast to the Mississippi
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Did De Soto find any gold?
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No
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Why did the Native Americas hate De Soto and his crew?
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They stole food from them and enslaved them
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Why did Coronado start to explore?
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He heard reports of golden cities
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How many men were in Coronado's army?
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300
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Where did Coronado find one of the golden cities?
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Zuni, Mexico
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What was actually in Zuni, Mexico?
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Adobe houses
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Where did Coronado end up?
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Kansas
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Who founded the city of Santiago, Chile?
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Valdivia and Suarez
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What did Valdivia and Suarez conquer?
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Much of Chile
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Who did they conquer Chile for?
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Spain
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By 1550, where was Spain's territory?
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Kansas to Chile
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What was special about the Spanish territory in the Americas?
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First empire seperated from its capital
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How did Spain rule its territory?
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Setting up viceroys
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What is a viceroy?
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Royal agents
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What was each viceroy to do?
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It was responsible for a particular area
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Where did the viceroy in Mexico City rule?
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Spain's North American territory
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Where did the viceroy in Peru rule?
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Spain's South American territory
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Who could not attain the position of the viceroy?
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Anyone born in the Americas
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Who granted the Encomienda?
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Council of Indies
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What did a holder of encomienda do?
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Became a master of a particular area
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What three things did the Encomienda do?
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Forced Native Americans to work long hours, forced to work in silver mines, overall, treated like slaves
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Who was Phillip II gat his empire from?
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Charles V
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Who was the hardest working monarch?
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Phillip II
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What religion did Phillip II support?
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Catholicism
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What places did Phillip II rule?
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Spain, Milan, Naples, Franche-Compte, Netherlands, Portugal
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What colonies did Phillip II control?
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East Indies, Africa, India, and the Americas
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What was the Escorial?
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Phillip's palace
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What was a palace monastery?
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Phillip's palace
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Nerve center of the spanish empire
symbol of his desire to strengthen his kingdom and catholicism |
Escorial
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According to Phillip, who were Spain's rivals?
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the Ottoman Turks and Protestants
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Who called for all catholics to take up arms against the Ottomans?
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the Pope
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Where did the Spanish forces defeat the Ottoman navy?
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Greek seaport of lepanto
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Who fought with the Spanish against the Ottomans?
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Venetians
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What was Phillip's first task in order to defeat the protestants?
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To crush Protestantism in his own lands
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What did Phillip do after his first task was complete?
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He defeated or weakened protestant rulers throughout Europe
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Who were Phillip's biggest foes after the protestants were defeated?
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Netherlands and Elizabeth I
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Who was Phillip II married to?
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Mary
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After Mary died, what did Phillip plan to do?
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Marry Elizabeth
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Why did Phillip want to marry Elizabeth?
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England as a Catholic country
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Did Elizabeth decide to marry Phillip?
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No
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Who did Elizabeth aide so they would help her fight against Phillip?
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Dutch Rebel Forces
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What did Elizabeth do to Spain?
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She encouraged her sea captains to raid Spanish ships
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What did Phillip's reign mark the beginning of?
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a Golden Age for Spanish culture
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Who was not Spanish by birth but Greek?
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El Greco
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What did El Greco's painting show the strength of?
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Catholocism in Spain
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What did El Greco paint?
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Catholic Saints and martyrs
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Who was known for his portraits of Spanish monarchs?
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Velazquez
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What writer fought in the Battle of Lepanto?
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Cervantes
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What was Cervantes jailed for?
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Debt
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What was Cervantes' occupation?
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Tax collector
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Who wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha?
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Cervantes
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What was special about Don Quixote de la Mancha?
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It was what some consider the first modern European novel
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What was Don Quixote de la Mancha about?
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It was a satire of chivalry
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What year did Phillip die?
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1598
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What happened to Phillip's successors?
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They were weaker kings
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By 1650, what happened?
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The Spanish economy was in a terrible state
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Who was the king in debt to after Phillip died?
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Foreign creditors
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What occured in Spain after Phillip died?
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Inflation (Spain was flooded with gold and silver, thus the value dropped)
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Did Spain import or export more?
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Import
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Instead of sailing east, where did Columbus sail to?
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West across the Atlantic
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What was Columbus in search for?
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an alternate trade route to Asia and its riches
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What day did Columbus find land?
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October 12, 1492
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What does "tierra" mean?
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land
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Where do scholars believe that Columbus actually landed?
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On an island in the Bahamas in the Caribbean Sea
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Who were the natives on the island where Columbus landed?
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Taino
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What did Columbus name the island where he landed?
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Sand Salvador
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What does San Salvador mean?
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Holy Savior
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After Columbus was successful in his first voyage, what did Spanish rulers do?
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Financed three more voyages
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What did Columbus journey as after his first voyage?
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An empire builder
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What did the Spanish intend to do?
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Transform the islands of the Caribbean into colonies
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Lands that are controlled by another nation
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colonies
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In 1500, who reached the shores of Brazil
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Pedro Alvares Cabral
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What country was Pedro Alvares Cabral from?
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Portugal
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Who did Pedro Alvares Cabral sail for?
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Portugal
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Who traveled along the eastern coast of South America?
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Amerigo Vespuci
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What country was Amerigo Vespuci from?
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Italy
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What country did Amerigo Vespuci sail for?
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Portugal
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Upon Amerigo's return to Europe, he claimed that the newly discovered land was not part of Asia, but what?
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a "new world"
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In 1507, who named the new continent America in honor of Vespuci?
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a German mapmaker
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Who had marched through Panama?
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Vasco Nunes de Balboa
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What was special about Vasco Nunez de Balboa's trip?
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he was the first European to gaze upon the Pacific Ocean
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How many men and how many ships did Magellan sail arund the southern tip of South America with?
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230 men; 5 ships
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How did Magellan die?
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He became involved in a local war in the Phillippines and was killed
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What did Magellan's crew do after he died?
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Sailed toward home
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Out of Magellan's original crew, how many men and how many ships arrived back to Spain?
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18 men; one ship
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In 1500, who claimed Brazil for Portugal?
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Cabral
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During the 1530s, what did portuguese colonists begin to do?
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Settle Brazil's coastal region
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After the Portuguese colonists found little gold or silver, what did they do?
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They began growing sugar
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Like the Spanish, what did the Portuguese do to the land and people of conquered places?
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They conquered Native Americans and gave thousands of them disease
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What did priests speak out against?
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The cruel treatment of natives
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In particular what did the Priests criticize?
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The harsh pattern of labor that emerged under the encomienda system
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Who wrote: "than the tyranny which the Spanairds use toward the Indians for the getting of pearl (riches)"
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Dominican monk Bartolome de Las Casas
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In response to the writings of Las Casas and others, what did the Spanish government do?
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Abolished the encomienda system in 1542
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What did the priest later change his views about?
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He denounced African slavery
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In 1493, Columbus encountered resistance in trying to conquer where?
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the island of St. Croix
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Before surrendering, what did the natives of St. Croix do?
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They defended themselves by firing poison arrows
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At the end of the 17th century, who fought against Spanish rule?
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Natives in New Mexico
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In converting the natives to Christianity, what did Spanish priests and soldiers do?
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Burned their sacred objects and prohibited many native rituals
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What did the Spanish make the natives do?
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Forced them to work for them and sometimes abused them physically
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What happened to Native Americans in New Mexico that practiced their own religion?
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They were beaten
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Who led a well-organized uprising against the Spanish in 1680?
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Pope`, a pueblo ruler
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What did the rebellion involve?
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17,000 warriors from villages all over New Mexico
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Who won? The native fighters or the Spanish?
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Native fighters; they drove the Spanish back into Spain
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Who did New Mexico belong to for the 12 years after the natives fought the Spanish?
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The original natives
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What did Magellan's voyage show?
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That ships could reach Asia by way of the Pacific Ocean
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What did Spain claim?
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The route around the southern tip of South America
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Not finding a route through North America to Asia, who established colonies in North America?
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French, Dutch, English
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Who discovered the New York Harbor?
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Giovanni da Verrazzano
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What country was Verrazzano from?
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Italy
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What country did Verrazzano sail for?
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France
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Who discovered a gulf off the eastern coast of Canada that led to a broad river, the St. Lawrence?
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Jacques Cartier
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What did Cartier name a large island that he found dominated by a hill? What is it now?
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Mont Royal; became Montreal
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What country was Cartier from?
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France
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Who sailed up the St. Lawrence river and claimed what he called Quebec?
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Samuel de Champlain
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What country was Champlain from?
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France
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What is New France?
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The base of France's colonial empire in North America
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What two people explored the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi River?
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Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet
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What country did Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet sail for?
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France
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Who explored the lower Mississippi River?
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Sieur de La Salle
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Who did La Salle claim the Mississsippi River Valley for?
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France
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What did La Salle name the River Valley?
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Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV
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Where were beavers almost extinct? Where were they plentiful?
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Europe; North America
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Unlike the English, what were the French interested in doing?
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Occupying territories instead of making money off the land
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Who were the second sons?
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The sons that would not get the inheritence from their fathers and had to make their own money
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What was the first waive of colonists to Jamestown mostly made of?
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2nd Sons
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In 1606, what did a colony of London investors obtain from King James?
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A charter to found a colony in North America
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Why was Jamestown's start disasterous?
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The settlers were more interested in finding gold than planting crops
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Why did Jametown's outlook great improve?
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Farmers discovered tobacco
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What did Jamestown's investors finally do?
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Let king James take over the colony as a royal colony
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Who were persecuted for their religious beliefs in England and so they sought religious freedom?
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Pilgrams
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Who also sougth religious freedom from England's Anglican Church?
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Puritans
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What did Puritans want to do?
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Build a model community that would set an example for other Christians to follow
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Who was searching for a northwest sea route to Asia?
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Henry Hudson
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What three things were named for Henry Hudson?
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Hudson River
Hudson Bay Hudson Straight |
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Who claimed the region along the three hudson waterways?
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Dutch
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Who did the Dutch establish a fur trade with?
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The Iroquois Indians
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Where did the Dutch build a trading post at? What is it now?
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Fort Orange; Present day Albany
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What did the Dutch merchants form?
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the Dutch West India Company
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What became known as New Netherland?
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The Dutch holdings in North America
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Who settled in New Netherland?
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more Dutch, Germans, French, Scandinavians, and other Europeans
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New Netherland's population was so ethnically diverse, what was it called?
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A great "confusion of tongues"
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What three islands in the Caribbean did the French seize control of?
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Haiti, Guadeloupe, and Martinique
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What two islands in the Caribbean did the English seize control of?
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Barbados and Jamaica
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What two places did the Dutch seize control of?
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Netherlands Antilles and Aruba
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What did the Europeans build on their islands?
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Huge sugar plantations
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What were privateers?
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Privately owned armed ships that acted on behalf of their government
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What did privateers do?
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Attacked merchant ships of enemy nations and sank or robbed them
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How did the English oust the Dutch?
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Charles II granted his brother, Duke of York, permission to drive out the Dutch. When the duke's fleet arrived at New Netherland, the Dutch surrendered without firing a shot.
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What did England gain as a result of ousting the Dutch? What did they name it?
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New Netherland; New York
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By 1750, how many English colonists lived in how many colonies? Where did these colonies stretch from?
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1.3 million colonists, 13 colonies, Stretching from New Hampshire to Georgia
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What began in 1754?
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French Indian War
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What was another name for the French Indian War?
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the Seven Year's War
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What two things were fought for during the Seven Years' War?
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Territorial and colonial supremacy in Europe and the West Indies
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Who won the French Indian War?
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British
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As a result of the French and Indian war, what did the British seize control of?
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Nearly the entire eastern half of North America
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What two countries/people established a cooperative relationship with the Native Americans?
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French and Dutch
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What was the French and Dutch's good relationship with the Native Americans mostly based on?
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Mutual benefits of the fur trade
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Unlike the French and Dutch, what did the English want to do?
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Populate their colonies in North America
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In order for the English to populate their colonies, what did this mean for the natives?
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They were pushed off their lands
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What did the Puritans consider the Native Americans?
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Heathens
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What is a heathen?
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A person without a faith
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As early as 1622, who attacked the colonial villages around Jamestown? How many settlers did they kill?
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Powhatans; 350
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What began in 1675?
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King Phillip's War
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Who was the native american ruler that started King Phillip's war?
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Metacom
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How did King Philip's war start?
|
Metacom led an attack on 52 colonial villages throughout Massachusetts
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Because of smallpox, what did the population of the Massachusett tribe drop to? What did it start at?
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750; 24,000
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What was one of the effects of the smallpox outbreak among the Native Americans?
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Shortage of labor in the colonies
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Because the English settlers had no labor, who did they get instead of Native Americans?
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African Slaves
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Was the relationship between Native Americans and Dutch and French good or bad? Why/Why Not?
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Good; Dutch and French only wnated to trade and make money. They were respecful of native american culture and did not try to change them
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Was the relationship between Native Americans and those who settled in New England good or bad? Why/Why Not?
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Bad; New Englanders wanted to change the natives and make them look like them, act like them, and have the same religion
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Was the relationship between Native Americans and Jamestown settlers good or bad? Why/Why Not?
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Initially good because the Powhatans did not think that they would stay so they taught the settlers how to survive. It got bad when more settlers came and took the Natives land
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Abdicate
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to relinquish formally
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Abeyance
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suspension
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Abscond
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to leave quickly and secretly to avoid arrest
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Accede
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To give ones consent at the insistance of another
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Accessory
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supplementary part or item
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Accost
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to approach and speak to boldly
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Acquisition
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Something gained
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Acrimonious
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Bitter in tone and manner
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Adjudge
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To order judicially
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Adjure
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To command solemnly under oath
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Don Quixote De La Mancha was about...
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A satire on chivalry
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|
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El Greco painted...
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Catholic saints and martyrs
|
|
|
Montezuma believed that Cortez was...
|
Quetzcoatl
|
|
|
What made Cortez decide to stay in Mexico?
|
He saw how much gold the Aztecs had
|
|
|
Why did a riot break out in the city?
|
One of Cortez' men interrupted a religious ceremony
|
|
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Who was the leader of the Incan empire?
|
Atahualpa
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Who was the governor of Puerto Rico?
|
Ponce de Leon
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Coronado traveled as far north as...
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Kansas
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Elizabeth helped what group fight against Philip II?
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Dutch Rebels
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What had Europeans planned to use Native americans for?
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A source of cheap labor
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Beginning around 1500, what happened?
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European colonists began enslaving Africans in the Americas
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How did African rulers justify enslavement?
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Muslim belief that non-Muslim prisoners of war could be bought and sold as slaves
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Between 650 and 1600, how many Africans did the Muslims transport as slaves?
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4.8 Million
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Where did the Muslims bring the African slaves?
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Muslim lands of Southwest Asia
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Once to the Muslim lands, what did the Africans do?
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Worked as domestic servants
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Were the sons and daughters of slaves in the Muslim world free or enslaved?
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Free
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What were three reasons why Africans were good slaves for Europeans?
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1- Africans had built up immunity to diseases
2- Africans had experience in farming and could handle large plantation work 3- Africans had no knowledge of the land and no other tribes that they knew |
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Definition: The buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas
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Atlantic Slave Trade
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By 1650, how many Africans labored throughout Spanish America on plantations and in mines?
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300,000
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Who dominated the sugar market during the 1600s?
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Brazil
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As the sugar industry grew, what else grew?
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Colonists' demand for slaves
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During the 17th century, what percent of all Africans brought to the Americas went to Brazil?
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40 percent
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As England's presence in the Americas grew, what else did England dominate?
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The Atlantic Slave Trade
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From 1690 to 1807, who was the leading carrier of enslaved Africans?
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England
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When did the Atlantic Slave Trade get abolished?
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1807
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Rather than traveling inland, what did most European traders do?
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Waited in ports along the western and eastern coasts of Africa
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What two people worked together to capture Africans to be enslaved?
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African merchants, local rulers
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What did the African merchants and local rulers exchange the slaves for?
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Gold, guns, and other goods
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Who wrote a plea for his people?
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King Affonso
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Definition: Transatlanic trading network where Africans were transported to the Americas
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Triangular Trade
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Definition: The voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies and later to North and South America
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Middle Passage
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Instead of being enslaved, what did some slaves do?
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Jump overboard and commit suicide
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What percent of slaves aboard each slave ship commited suicide?
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20 percent
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Upon arriving in the Americas, what happened to enslaved Africans?
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They were auctioned off to the highest bidder
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After the slaves were sold, what happened to them?
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Slaves worked in mines or fields or as domestic servants
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In the Americas, what was special about slavery?
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It was a lifelong condition, as well as a hereditary one
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What did the African slaves try to keep alive?
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Musical traditions as well as stories of their ancestors
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Although unfamiliar with land, what did slaves do?
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Run away
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In 1739, what was a group of slaves in South Carolina known as?
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The Stono Rebellion
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Who did the Stono Rebellion slaves not kill?
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Quakers and any white person who was nice to them
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What kind of slaves were the Stono Rebellion slaves?
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Angolian (From Angola)
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What helped spread war and conflict throughout Africa?
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Firearms
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What was African slaves greatest contribution?
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Labor
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Without African slaves' labor, what two places may not have survived?
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Haiti and Barbados
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In addition to their muscle, what other thing did African slaves bring?
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Expertise in Agriculture
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Why do latin american countries have mixed race populations?
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Because the slaves intermarried with colonists
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