World History 002 Midterm

Front 1

Total War

Back 1

-1914 assuming WWI to be the first total war
-all sectors of society involved in war effort (economic, political, personal)
-few limits on targets of violence

Front 2

WWI

Back 2

-1914-1918
-Allies (Austria, Germany, Ottoman) vs. Entente (Russia, France, Britain)
-war to end all wars
-emergence of trench warfare
-mostly European theater
-Schlieffan plan took Germany through Belgium and France back towards Russia
-ignited by complex alliances
-war front created something of a melting pot

Front 3

WWI Propaganda

Back 3

-Germany cast as a brute, often raping liberty and the rape of Belgium was common in British press
-many parts of war romanticized, heroic language used
-Execution of nurse British nurse Edith Cavell used as propaganda
-German poster asking "and you (informal plural)?"
-sinking of the Lusitania used as propaganda
-evidence of total war

Front 4

Trench Warfare/maxim gun

Back 4

-maxim gun had long been used by imperialists such as Britain against native populations allowing for small numbers of soldiers to hold off massive attacks
-WWI was the first time such guns were used by both sides
-gave great advantage to the defense though only realized later on with the Hindenberg Line
-war of attrition
-countryside laid to waste

Front 5

Franz Ferdinand

Back 5

assasinated June 1914
-archduke of Austria-Hungary
-killed by Serbian nationalist
-his death caused the intervention of allied countries after tensions had been rising between imperial powers for some time

Front 6

Effects of WWI

Back 6

-Armistice terms psychologically defeating for Germans, who felt they had not truly lost
-German surrender gave them little bargaining power in treaty terms, had to take blame as the agitator
-many already demoralized from war as a result of things like trench foot and the Turnip Winter of 1917
-proved that war does not unify, British education system was shaken
-war poets like Sasson and Owen reveal many harsh sentiments

Front 7

traits of civilization

Back 7

-agriculture
-specialization
-writing
-alteration of environment

Front 8

Pre-Columbian History

Back 8

Old World Web: 3/4 of humanity, 300 million people, silk roads and sea routes
New World Web: 40-60 million people, 2000 languages, various cultural spheres
Pacific World Web: few million people, seaborne travel

Front 9

Holmberg's Mistake

Back 9

-Holmberg believed the Native Americans to be a people without history, "man in the raw state of nature," and "culturally backwards"
-his mistake like finding Holocaust survivors only to think they were always a starving and barefoot people
-Overlooked that the natives he encountered had been ravaged by diseases like smallpox and a genetic bottleneck that forced inbreeding and therefore genetic defects)
-factionalism also brought down natives, Pizarro was able to politically network his way to a victory
-Natives had long altered their environments (irrigation, terracing, mound-building, etc)
-Olmec had a 365 day calendar, traded, tracked planet orbits, recorded their own history
-Mayans invented zero before zero was used in Europe though failed to use the wheel in anything other than toys
-native weaponry and armor often actually superior to European (guns could not shoot far or with accuracy
-Holmberg is a 20th century figure, but his beliefs dominated most of post-Columbian history
-natives largely had better hygiene and interest in personal cleanliness

Front 10

Revolution of 1800

Back 10

-1800
-When Thomas Jefferson was elected president
-first president from a different political party (not federalist).
-Done without violence.
-Democracy is a way of incorporating change into the political process.

Front 11

Magna Carta

Back 11

-1215
-The king is required to respect the law. The king’s will was not synonomous with the law. The king is limited in his power. Not the first document to limit the power of the king of England, but this was the first that was forced on the king by parliment. Mainly for the benefit of the next level of nobility, not necessarily the common people (and they saw very little change). More ideational effect that real effect.
-was ignored/mocked by some, Cromwell called it the Magna Farta

Front 12

Commonwealth of England

Back 12

- 1649-1653
-A republic government that existed in England for a short time after the beheading of Charles I
-Ended after the death of Oliver Cromwall, which allowed the royalists to regain power.

Front 13

English Civil War

Back 13

The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The first (1642–46) and second (1648–49) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (1649–51) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.

Front 14

John Locke

Back 14

1632 – 1704
-was an English philosopher. Locke is considered the first of the British empiricis
Theorized the social contract between government and people. Influenced founding fathers of the US

Front 15

Thomas Paine

Back 15

Thomas Paine (1737 – 1809) was a British pamphleteer, revolutionary, radical, inventor, and intellectual. He lived and worked in Britain until age 37, when he emigrated to the British American colonies, in time to participate in the American Revolution. His principal contribution was the powerful, widely-read pamphlet Common Sense (1776), advocating colonial America's independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Front 16

Citizen Literature

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-Literature published for mass distribution among the public to support the American revolution
-Ex. Common Sense, Paine
-America
-1770's
-Shows effect of technology on ideas

Front 17

Cloth in India and Britain

Back 17

1750 India dominated England in cloth production, by 1850 England dominated India. This shows the growth of the textile industry as a result of the industrial revolution

Front 18

Mercantilism

Back 18

Mercantilism was the dominant school of thought throughout the early modern period (from the 16th to the 18th century). Domestically, this led to some of the first instances of significant government intervention and control over the economy, and it was during this period that much of the modern capitalist system was established. Internationally, mercantilism encouraged the many European wars of the period and fueled European imperialism. Belief in mercantilism began to fade in the late 18th century, as the arguments of Adam Smith and the other classical economists won out. Today, mercantilism (as a whole) is rejected by economists, though some elements are looked upon favorably by non-economists.

Front 19

Steam engine

Back 19

Invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 in England. Powered by coal. Fueled way for industrial revolution.