Roman Archaeology Midterm 1

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Impasto Ware; 10th- 8th Century BCE; brown- black in color, handmade, not decorated, dull

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Bucchero Ware; 8th- 4th Century BCE; pure black in color, made on a wheel, very polished: shiny and reflective

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Campanian Ware; 4th-1st Century BCE; essentially lower quality Bucchero Ware e.g. shiny, but not as shiny as BW.

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Arretine Ware; 30BCE- 30CE; red in color, raised designs, stamp on bottom (terra sigillata)

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Plan of Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus; Rome; 509 BCE

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Sculpture of Apollo; Veii; ca. 500 BCE

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Temple of Portunus; Rome; ca. 75 BCE

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Capitolium; Ostia; ca. 120-130 CE

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San Ildefonso group from Gardens of Sallust, Rome (ca. 50-25 BCE)

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Head of Pompey the Great from Via Salaria, Rome (ca. 55-50 BCE)

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Bust of Julius Caesar; Egypt; ca. 44 BCE

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Census-taking relief, Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus; Rome; late 2nd or early 1st century BCE

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Head of an old man; Osimo, Italy; mid 1st Century BCE

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Man with portrait busts of ancestors; Rome; Late 1st Century BCE

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Pseudo-Athlete; Delos, Greece; early 1st century BCE

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Denarius of Caesar; find spot unknown; 44 BCE

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sestertius with portraits of Octavian and Caesar; find spot unknown; ca. 37-31BCE

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Temple to Mars Ultor, Forum of Augustus; Rome; Dedicated 2 BCE

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Relief with Venus and Cupid, Mars, and Divus Julius; find spot unknown, now in Algiers; early 1st century CE

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Theater of Marcellus; Rome; 13 or 11 BCE

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Panel with Tellus, Altar of Augustan Peace; Campus Martius, Rome; dedicated 13-9 BCE

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panel with procession of imperial family, Altar of Augustan Peace; Campus Martius, Rome; 13-9 BCE

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Bust of Augustus wearing corona civica; find spot unknown; early 1st century CE

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Prima Porta statue; Villa of Livia at Primaporta; early 1st century CE

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Gemma Augustea; find spot unknown; ca.15 CE

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Head of Caligula; Marino, Italy; 37-41 CE

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Claudius as Jupiter; Lanuvium; 42-43 CE

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Head of Nero; Palatine Hill, Rome; ca. 59-64 CE

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Octagonal Hall; Domus Aurea, Rome; 64-68 CE

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Porta Maggiore; Rome; 50 CE

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Pyramid Tomb of Caius Cestius; Rome; 15 BCE

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Tomb of Marcus Vergilius Eurysaces; Rome; late 1st century BCE

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Funerary relief of a midwife from tomb 100, Isola Sacra necropolis; Ostia; mid 2nd century CE

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Head of Vespasian; find spot unknown; (ca. 75-79)

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Arch of Titus; Rome (ca. 81 CE),

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Frieze from the Palazzo delle Cancelleria;, Rome (93-95 CE)

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Bust of a Flavian woman; Rome; ca. 90 CE

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Earthquake relief; House of L. Caecilius Iucundus, Pompeii; 62-70 CE

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basilica; Pompeii; 2nd century BCE

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caldarium of Forum Baths; Pompeii; 80-70 BCE

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riot fresco; House I,3,23, Pompeii; 60-79 CE

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atrium from House of Silver Wedding; Pompeii; mid 2nd cent. BCE

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peristyle in House of Vetii; Pompeii; rebuilt ca. 50-79 CE

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Neptune and Amphitrite mosaic from House of Neptune and Amphitrite; Herculaneum; ca. 62-79

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Alexander Mosaic from the House of the Faun; Pompeii; late 2nd or early 1st cent. BCE

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fresco from Samnite House; Herculaneum; late 2nd cent. BCE

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fresco from cubiculum M; villa at Boscoreale; ca. 50-40 BCE

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fresco from the Black Room; the villa at Boscotrecase; ca. 10 BCE

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fresco from Pentheus Room in the House of the Vettii; Pompeii; ca. 62-79 CE

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Copy of Doryphoros (Spear-Bearer) head made by Apollonios of Athens based on original by Polykleitos in the Villa of the Papyri; Herculaneum; 1st cent. CE

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surface survey

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used to gather facts before an excavation, two forms: Systematic and Unsystematic.

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aerial photography

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pictures taken from airplanes before excavation that can help identify sites through earthworks, soil marks, and crop marks

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magnetometry

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measuring and mapping patterns of magnetism in the soil; some ancient activities esp. burnt things leave magnetic traces.

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experimental archaeology

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the study of past cultures through experimental reconstructions under carefully controlled scientific conditions

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context

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the way in which an artifact is found focusing on the immediate matrix, provenience, and association with other artifacts

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stratigraphy

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the concept that an undisturbed site will have different sedimentary layers in which the highest are the most recent and the deepest are the oldest

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stratum/strata

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A stratigraphic layers which contain material culture from the same time period

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Law of Superposition

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Relative dates; higher strata are more recent while deeper strata are older.

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Law of Association

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Absolute dates; if an artifact can be dated then that date can be applied to the entire strata

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Radio- Carbon (C14) dating

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A method of dating organic material through the half-life of carbon. Generates a very broad date range.

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Tarquinius Superbus

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The last king to rule Rome, Etruscan, built the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (509 BCE)

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Jupiter

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King of the gods, god of the sky and heavens; Greek equivalent: Zeus

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Juno

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Queen of the Goddesses, goddess of marriage, married to Zeus, Greek equivalent: Hera

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Minerva

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Daughter of Zeus, goddess of wit, craft, and battle strategy, Greek equivalent: Athena

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aes signatum

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ca. 300 BCE; lit. trans. "stamped bronze"; large, brick-like; break off pieces as currency

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aes grave

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ca. 3rd cent. BCE; lit. trans. "heavy bronze"; cast; used as small change

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denarius

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begin 289 BCE; struck; silver, size of a dime, faces of gods (republic)

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patricians

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wealthy Roman citizens

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plebians

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working middle/lower class Roman citizens

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castrum

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Roman military camp

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patrician art

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heavy Greek influence to demonstrate knowledge

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plebeian art

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tells a story; verism (true nature i.e. wrinkles); unnatural proportions to show significance

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patron-client system

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a mutually beneficial business relationship between Patricians and Plebeians

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Julius Caesar

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voted dictator for life; killed by the senate

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ideology

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the knowledge or beliefs used by human societies to understand and cope with their existence; evolves over time

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Octavian/ Augustus Caesar

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first Roman emperor; nephew of Julius Caesar; before 27 referred to as Octavian, after referred to as Augustus

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princeps

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title given to Augustus; "first emperor"

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Battle of Actium

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31 BCE; final battle between Octavian and Mark Antony

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Pax Augusta

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the time of peace under Augustus' rule

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pyroclastic flow

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lava, rock, etc. from volcanic eruption; travels 50-100 mph

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frigidarium

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cold water area of bath house

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tepidarium

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luke-warm water section of bath house

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caldarium

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hot water section of bath house

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Vesuvius

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Volcano in Italy; destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum

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Pliny the younger

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wrote about the eruption

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thermopolium

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essentially a fast-food restraunt in antiquity

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impluvium

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a pool that captured rainwater from an opening in the roof

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triclinium

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formal dining room

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peristyle

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an open courtyard enclosed by a colonnade

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Romulus and Remus

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753 BCE; founding myth of Rome; twin brothers; descendants of Aeneas, sons of Rhea Silvia; suckled by she-wolf (lupa); fight over which hill to build the city on; Remus dies; Romulus builds Rome on the Palatine Hill

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Cardo

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Main street in a Castrum (Roman military camp); oriented north-south

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Decumanus

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West-east oriented road in a Castrum (Roman military camp)

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Contrapposto

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art style in which a figure is depicted with most of their weight on one leg (the engaged leg) creating an asymmetrical balance and curve to the figure.

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Pompey the Great

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d. 48 BCE; military leader and politician during the fall of the Roman Republic; lost the civil war to Julius Caesar

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Principate

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the rule of the early Roman emperors, under which some of the outward forms of the Republic were maintained

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Cleopatra

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d. 30 BCE; ally and lover to Julius Caesar; Allied with and became a lover to Antony in the war following Caesar's death

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Mark Antony

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d. 30 BCE; supporter and loyal friend of Julius Caesar; after Caesar's death allied with Cleopatra against Octavian for control of Rome; Last major battle was the battle of Actium; committed suicide in 30 BCE when Octavian invaded Egypt

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tria nomina

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"three names" way a Roman could indicate he had citizenship

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Tiberius

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14-37 CE; Augustus' adopted son; toward the end of his reign he was a tyrannical recluse; had the Gemma Augustea carved

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Caligula

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37- 41 CE; restored treason trials and put many people to death

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Claudius

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41-54 CE; conquered the British; killed by wife; named Nero heir

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Nero

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54-68 CE; fire in Rome 64 CE burned 6 days; insane; murderous and paranoid; committed suicide after the senate declared him a public enemy

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insula

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Roman apartments

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columbarium

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underground chamber, used for preserving the ashes of the dead

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Southern Gaulish Terra Sigilatta

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1st 3rd of 1st cent. to end 1st cent. CE; vivid red; mirror-like shine;

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vomitorium

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the passage that led out of a theater or amphitheater to the street

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Civil War (69 CE)

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With Nero dead and no successors left the throne was up for grabs; Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian claimed the empire; Vespasian won

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Vespasian

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69-79 CE; brought stability to the empire and military after the war

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Titus

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79-81 CE;