World Civ Midterm 2

Front 1

Roman Expansion

Back 1

How: militarily, raids, ships
Why: needed more slaves and military service. Had problems with piracy, Punic Wars
Where: N Africa, Gaul, N Carthage, beyond Alps, Asia
When: 27 BC —476 AD (empire) 509 BC-31 BC (republic)

Front 2

Arab Expansion

Back 2

How: Fought in wars, Islam spread through trade routes
Why: Sassinid and Byzantine Empires were fighting, weakened, missionary efforts, trade, pilgrimages, conquest
Where: Jerusalem, Egypt, Persia, Spain
When: 643-Egypt, 653: Persian Empire, 711: Spain and east of Indus

Front 3

Vikings

Back 3

-Origins: Scandinavia - Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark in 8th century AD
-Reasons for expansion: scarce resources, search for portable wealth, gift exchange economy (raiders)
-L’Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland (Canada) is the only known instance of Pre-Columbian contact with the Americas

Front 4

Five Pillars of Islam

Back 4

-Profession of faith
-pray 5 time/day
-Give alms
-Ramadan
-Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)

Front 5

Dome of the Rock

Back 5

3rd holiest site in Islam, thought to be the place where Muhammad was taken into heaven and where Abraham almost sacrificed Isaac, on the old Temple Mount? Made by Abdi al-malik. No courtyards or dome shape.

Front 6

Fatimid

Back 6

Sect of Islam, primarily in Egypt. Al-Mahdi, the founder of the Fatimid Dynasty, hoped to unify Muslims but failed. Generated other new sects of Islam: Druze.
They retook Jerusalem from the Turks before the Crusades
Religious tolerance (901-1171)

Front 7

Silk Roads

Back 7

-Went from China to Europe
-Multiple links not one merchant
-Allowed for global interaction
-Began Han Dynasty

Front 8

Frankincense

Back 8

from Arabia, high value. It was special for its religious reasons and uses in cultic procedure. Frankincense was used as an incense. Other special items that Arabia was known for was precious metals, gold, myrrh, and spices. Because of the trade routes established because of this and other goods, ideas and religious beliefs were able to spread.

Front 9

Punic Wars

Back 9

There were a series of three wars between the years 264 and 146 BC. The main cause of the Punic Wars was the clash of interests between the existing Carthaginian Empire and the expanding Roman Republic. The Romans were successful because they were able to adapt their military strategy and develop a navy rapidly. The significance of the wars were that they drew Rome out into the Mediterranean. Between the Phoenicians and the Romans

Front 10

Visigoths

Back 10

Sack Rome in 410 AD

Front 11

Vandals

Back 11

Sack Rome in 455 AD. post classical era, the beginning of the end of the roman empire. Ended the Romantic period and the Roman period.

Front 12

Huns

Back 12

Caused the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and Han China

Front 13

Buddhist missionary Work

Back 13

- Afghanistan, India, China, Korea, Japan
-Ashoka, a leader in India, converted to it, and spread it all over
- Used the Silk Roads to help spread religion and ideas

Front 14

Reconquista

Back 14

Spanish conquistadors cause an uprising against the Muslim invasion and retake Spain.

Front 15

Constantinople

Back 15

City founded by Constantine and was the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Became the new headquarters for the Romans after the Fall of Rome. Intact until 1453 when it was conquered by Muslim Ottoman Turks.

Front 16

Sermon on Mount

Back 16

Jesus was preaching to the poor, women, and the marginalists (not the elites). Appealed to the outcasts

Front 17

Pharisees

Back 17

One of the four sects of Judaism. They were the Rabbis that were in the synagogues and specialized in the Torah. More eclectic than the Sadducees. Often competed with them.

Front 18

Sadducees

Back 18

A sect of Judaism. They were the Priests and it was their job to work in the Temple. They were the Jewish aristocrats. Interpreted the Torah literally unlike the Sadducees.

Front 19

Essenes

Back 19

Retired to the desert thinking the end of the world.
Qumaran people who wrote the Dead Sea scrolls.
Third sect of Judaism

Front 20

“Fourth Philosophy”

Back 20

Zealots. Sought to overthrow the Roman Empire from their Holy land by means of war and terrorism.

Front 21

Women in Islam

Back 21

Women had divorce rights, could own property, could be educated. After that, they lost their rights as the Islamic church grew to have more power.

Front 22

Women in Christianity

Back 22

- Among Jesus’ followers
- Woman’s anointing of Jesus with oil
- Women present at crucifixion, faithful to the end (after male followers had fled, in earliest traditions)
- Woman first to believe and announce that Jesus body no longer in the tomb (Matt 28)
- Pauline Example: Romans 16
- Phoebe, a deacon (minister) in Cenchreae (Romans 16:1-2)
- Priscilla supports congregation in her home (Romans 3-4)
- Tryphaena, Tryphosa, Persis (Romans 6, 12)

Front 23

Constantine

Back 23

Known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor. Modern scholars have proposed that Constantine, rather than making Christianity a world religion, was responding to a growing force in the empire that he found it expedient to combine with himself. He and his change of policy toward tolerance helped push Christianity into the foreground.

Front 24

World Religions

Back 24

Defining feature: Those that proselyte

1. Christianity
2. Islam
3. Buddhism
----- JUDAISM IS NOT A WORLD RELIGION----

Front 25

Constantine

Back 25

-Emperor of the Byzantine empire
-First to convert to Christianity, popularizes it.
-Identifies many holy sites

Front 26

Saladin

Back 26

takes Jerusalem in 1187 ad.
-3rd crusade is response
-Kurd, undertakes Jihad to prove legitimacy
-fair in treatment of prisoners
Muslim sultan of Egypt and Persia, fought against the Franks around 1175. Overthrew the Fatimids and set up his own dynasty in Egypt. End of crusaders
conquered Jerusalem and united Muslims. Allowed Christians to live with them. He only wanted to lead.
(united Muslims in Egypt). He came into Jerusalem, took over, and allowed people of other faiths to leave peacefully. When the Crusaders came in, they killed everybody.

Front 27

Sunni

Back 27

The largest sect of Islam. - The Sunni believe that the sunna (a path) is considered to be as powerful as the Koran itself. The sunna is a collection of traditions and interpretations of the Koranic law. After Mohammed died, he left no indication about who his successor should be. The Sunni decided that a chosen caliph would be an elected head of all legitimate secular power.
- Elected leaders
- Largest branch of Islam. They won out over the Shiites

Front 28

Han Dynasty

Back 28

(China) From 200 BC to 200 AD. Resettled northerners into the south around the Yangtzee River. Rice farming was done in the south and millet farming was done in the north. Technology included: paper, wheelbarrow, and basic innovations in windmills.
- Ruled an area the size of Rome but without Mediterranean or river
- Land based empire, long lasting. ... had more technological innovations. They likely established the silk roads. Spread of Buddhism.

Front 29

Gupta

Back 29

- (India) Chandragupta Maurya (324-301 BC) was the king of the state of Magadah. (he conquered India and unified it)
-grandfather of Ashoka

Front 30

Mauryan

Back 30

-Mauryan India
-The grandson of Gupta was Ashoka (269-232BC)
-He (Ashoka) abandons conquest in pursuit of Buddhist teachings and inspired policy
-He adopted Buddhism as the state religion
-Carved edicts on massive stone pillars
Earliest writings of an Indian Imperial State
-Some of the earliest inscriptions made anciently
-In addition to stone pillars, he constructed a bunch of Stupas that were sacred spaces designed to house the relics related to the Buddha (ashes)
-Sanchi Stupa - dates to 3rd century BC
-Because of its adoption by the state, it was unable to be expressed and transmitted through political interactions. Ashoka sent out missionaries to SE Asia.

Front 31

Cahokia

Back 31

Near St. Louis, Missouri. Around 800 AD and was flourishing at its height around 1000-1200 AD. It sat on a 50 acre man-made plaza, had a 2 mile stockade with guard towers every 70 feet. It has a small area called Woodhenge.Causes of Decline: Deforestation, overpopulation, Disease, destruction of water resources. Jefferson thought they were once a culturally sophisticated version of American Indians. Others thought they might be wandering Hindus.

Front 32

The Crusades

Back 32

8 Military expidentures.Europe and southwest Asia for religious purposes to restore Christian control over the Holy Land
1054( great schism, splitting of the church), 1099- capture of Jerusalem
1st crusade--Raymond of St. Giles-
The third crusade--began with Saladin and Balian retaking Jerusalem from Franks, ended with Richard the Lionheart massacring Muslims
crusaders are important because Europeans learnt that they were backward, and were not at par with Muslims - what was happening in the east
During these wars, the franks learned that they were not as developed culturally, etc. as those in the east, it taught them many things, like herbs and spices
Right prior to this, battle of Manzikert, where Seljuk Turks entered Byzantium and caused trouble, causing the Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus to ask for help.

Front 33

Pope Urban II

Back 33

Roman Pope who started the crusades. Gave speech at council of Claremont. Lived from 1035 to 1099

Front 34

Alexius Comnenus

Back 34

the Byzantine emperor who appealed to Roman pope (Pope Urban II) for help when the Seljuk Turks began conquering much of their land

Front 35

Templars

Back 35

Knights of Templar carved the channels in the sacred rock at the Dome of the Rock. Church participants in the crusades. Europe’s first banking system

Front 36

Spread of Buddhism

Back 36

Ashoka encouraged Buddhism expansion.
Able to expand because the elite status in India adopted it.
Through the silk roads.
Dharma = Buddha's written teachings which preserved Buddhism

Front 37

Spread of Christianity

Back 37

Once the leaders of Constantinople accepted Christianity, it began to spread. Constantine implemented it as a part of the Roman Empire

Front 38

Spread of Islam

Back 38

It was the religion of the state that was spreading. It appealed to the bottom classes. Merchants spread Islam because they would get certain tax breaks if they converted unbelievers, so it was a big incentive for the merchants that were travelers.

Front 39

Eastern Roman Empire

Back 39

Fragmented Roman Empire – where we get the separation of the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek Orthodox Church. The extent to which they are connected to the political senses of power; Roman is Western Europe; Greek is out of the East.

Front 40

Byzantium

Back 40

The ancient name of the city of Constantinople

Front 41

Holy Roman Empire

Back 41

Came into being under Charlemagne's rule. He forced conversion on the defeated people. Pope crowned him "Emperor of the West" showing that the emperor ruled under the authority of the Pope.

Front 42

Sassanids

Back 42

A great empire from 224-651 AD along with the Roman and Byzantine Empires
Conquered by Arab caliphate.
Influenced European and Asiatic medieval art and Islamic culture was influenced through: architecture, writing, and other skills

Front 43

Abbassids

Back 43

750-1258 AD.
Capital near Baghdad
Jealous of predecessors' wealth - Umayyads
Conquered them and later decline b/c military uprisal

Front 44

The Umayyads

Back 44

Largest empire yet seen by the world at the time, 661-750 AD. very wealthy, finish Dome of Rock, Islamic coinage, move capital to Damascus from Arabia

Front 45

Compare the Rise of Rome with the Rise of the Arabs and the Islamic state. What were the mechanisms driving the relative expansions, and how did their origins affect the extent and maintenance of their respective empires?

Back 45

--mechanisms: strong military, trade, protect from invasions
--Islam: pilgrimages, missionary work,
--Rome: so big, ended up splitting
--Islam: various sects, no central political authority

Front 46

Is Islam a violent religion?

Back 46

--Crusades, Christianity can be seen as violent as well
--Jihad can be seen as a “holy war”
--means struggle, can be prayer, fasting

Front 47

Compare the rise and flourishing of the three World Religions, remembering to take into account similarity and difference. You may want to deal with some or all (or none) of the following questions in your answer: How did they reinforce or destabilize social structures? What accounts for their success and appeal? How do their respective origins affect their development? What do we learn about social interaction from the comparison?

Back 47

--all had missionary work
--salvation of individual, spiritual equality
--limited social equality
--women had more rights under these religions
--appealed to outcasts
--Buddhism broke away from caste system
--Christianity appealed to poor, women, radicals, Sermon on the Mount
--Islam—gave women greater freedom, controlled of dowries, some divorce

Front 48

Ashoka (India)

Back 48

A converted Buddhist King known for his mercy, love, tolerance, etc.
Largely responsible for the spread of Buddhism.

Front 49

Ummayads

Back 49

Moved capital of Islam from Medina to Damascus, so that it could be closer to other Urban centers (361-750 AD)

Front 50

Calophytes

Back 50

Leaders of different types. Islam leaders split up into different groups: Mediterranean and N. Africa.

Front 51

3 Reasons why Vikings expanded

Back 51

1.Curiosity
2.Fame
3.Lust for gain

Front 52

Seige of Jerusalem

Back 52

1099 during the first crusade.