World Civ. Ii Midterm Study Guide

Front 1

Peace of Augsburg

Back 1

An agreement where each German prince or elector could decide whether his state would be Lutheran or Catholic

Front 2

characteristics of the renaissance

Back 2

1350 - 1550
based on secular matters
focus on individualism

Front 3

location + names of the 5 major religions

Back 3

Christianity - Americas, Australia, S. Africa, Europe, parts of Russia
Islam - N. Africa, Middle East
Judaism - Israel, N. America
Buddhism - SE Asia
Hinduism - India

Front 4

The trans-Saharan trade carried out by West African civilizations was based on...

Back 4

Gold and Salt

Front 5

reason for creation of the church of england

Back 5

Henry VIII wanted an annulment (she couldn't provide a male heir), so he broke off from the Catholic Church (the Act of Supremacy) and created the Church of England

Front 6

calvinism (was based on...)

Back 6

form of Protestantism - predestination

Front 7

edict of nantes

Back 7

Henry of Navarre came to power and stated religious toleration for Huguenots and that they could hold public office (1598)

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humanism

Back 8

an intellectual mvmt based on the classics of Ancient Greece and Rome (Liberal Arts Education today)

Front 9

secular

Back 9

worldly

Front 10

vernacular

Back 10

the common/local language

Front 11

reasons for the age of exploration

Back 11

Gold, God, Glory (goal = find a water route to Asia)
Portugal = leader

Front 12

encomienda system

Back 12

forced labor system used in the Americas

Front 13

social hierarchy of Spain's colonial empire

Back 13

peninsulares
creoles
mestizos
natives
LIBERATORS - Jose de San Marin, Simon Bolivar

Front 14

peninsulares

Back 14

Europeans sent to L. America to control the Natives (political positions)

Front 15

creoles

Back 15

Born in Latin America to parents of European descent

Front 16

mestizos

Back 16

mixed race - natives/Europeans

Front 17

Columbian Exchange

Back 17

A global transfer of plants, animals, disease, and food, that connected the western & eastern hemispheres.
new culture was introduced to new areas
slavery, potato famine, diseases spread

Front 18

Line of Demarcation

Back 18

An imaginary line that divided the Atlantic according to the Treaty of Tordesillas, east of the line was Portugal and west of the line was Spain

Front 19

Triangular Trade

Back 19

A transatlantic trading network - Europe, West African coast, Indies
Middle Passage: the voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies (the middle link of Triangular Trade)

Front 20

Inflation

Back 20

when prices are raised for everything and the value of money is therefore less

Front 21

Ottoman Empire (location, janissaries, trade)

Back 21

Balkans, Bosporus + Dardanelle Straits, Mecca/Medina, Istanbul, Hungary, Eastern Europe, Middle East
janissaries: recruited Christians who converted to Islam and were trained as infantry (they were a tax)
Trade: ceramics + coffee, weapons, silk, rugs, jewelry, pottery
Istanbul = center of trade

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Mughal empire (location, trade)

Back 22

the Indian subcontinent
traded textiles, spices, gems, tropical foods

Front 23

Taj Mahal

Back 23

mausoleum built by Shah Jahan in memory of his 3rd wife

Front 24

Japan's policy of isolationism

Back 24

Limited trade + foreign influence because Europeans were bringing in Christian influences (jesuits)
changed during the tokugawa shogunate - trade flourished

Front 25

China's policy of isolationism (why and how)

Back 25

Limited European traders to a small island - could stay Oct. to March and could only deal w/ some Chinese firms
because Europeans were bringing in Christianity

Front 26

Effect of slave trade on Africa

Back 26

local warfare
population declined
lost faith in gods
art deteriorated

Front 27

mercantilism

Back 27

an economic practice adopted by European colonial powers in an effort to become more self-sufficient

Front 28

Scientific Revolution (emphasis, importance)

Back 28

- it led people to start questioning things and some of the main scientific ideas used today came from then

Front 29

Heliocentric theory

Back 29

Earth revolves around the sun, not the other way around (also, rotates on its axis)

Front 30

Divine right of Kings

Back 30

Kings got their power to rule from God

Front 31

Glorious Revolution in 1688 (bill of rights)

Back 31

Kick out James II (he fled)
Parliament invited William and Mary to take the throne (1688)
Glorious - no bloodshed
William and Mary signed Bill of Rights

Front 32

Purpose of Enlightenment (define, goals)

Back 32

Loose-knit group of writers and scholars who believed that humans could apply a critical reasoning spirit to every problem in the world.
(improve gov't)

Front 33

Congress of Vienna (participants, goals)

Back 33

goals - restore the old order
balance military + political power
make countries around France stronger

Front 34

Causes of the French Revolution

Back 34

enlightenment
american revolution
bad harvests (famine)
deficit spending
unequal representation
3rd estate paid all the taxes

Front 35

Goals of the French Revolution

Back 35

no lettre de cachet
every tax on every estate (taille)
every tax only for a limited amount of time
the meetings of the Estate General had to have definite times
the votes in the assembly should be taken and counted by head

Front 36

balance of power

Back 36

goal of the Congress of Vienna - balance military + political power

Front 37

3 estates of the french revolution

Back 37

1st estate - clergy
2nd estate - nobles
3rd estate - bourgeoisie + peasants/commoners

Front 38

the declaration of rights of man and citizen

Back 38

Drafted by the National Assembly
Conflict - the Declaration stated women were citizens, but denied them active political participation

Front 39

russian defeat of Napoleon (how)

Back 39

Russia used scorched earth policy
Napoleon enters city; Russian troops burn it while fleeing
Battle of Borodino - outside of Moscow

Front 40

Revolutions of 1848 (success, failure, effects)

Back 40

France - successful (election by universal male suffrage); unemployment rose as a result of workshops
German States- Frankfurt Assembly, failed
Austrian Empire - wanted legislature, failed
Italian States - revolt vs. Austrians, failed

Front 41

Franco-Prussian War

Back 41

Bismarck provoked the French into declaring war so that the German States would work together to protect themselves. Prussia won, it was the most important of the three wars

Front 42

Realpolitik

Back 42

realistic politics - German states - Otto von Bismarck

Front 43

Blood and Iron

Back 43

war + industry - how Bismarck won the three wars

Front 44

When France sneezes, Europe catches cold

Back 44

French revolution caused a series of other revolutions around Europe - e.g. revolutions of 1848 (Austria, German States, France, Italian States)

Front 45

Leonardo DaVinci

Back 45

Renaissance man - architecture, art, math, astronomy, realistic painting, dissected human bodies, etc.

Front 46

Johannes Gutenberg

Back 46

Invented the printing press, which spread ideas (Protestant Reformation & Renaissance)

Front 47

Machiavelli

Back 47

wrote 'The Prince'
thought that rulers should be feared rather than loved

Front 48

Martin Luther (main beliefs, actions)

Back 48

Translated the bible
posted 95 theses on the Church of Wittenburg (1517) and was excommunicated
complained about indulgences and sacrements
His beliefs:
faith alone, 2 sacraments, all men equal before God

Front 49

John Calvin

Back 49

Invented Calvinism (predestination)

Front 50

Pope Leo X

Back 50

excommunicated Martin Luther

Front 51

Hernan Cortes

Back 51

Conquistador of Mexico - Aztecs (they also died of diseases)

Front 52

Francisco Pizarro

Back 52

Conquistador of Peru - Incas

Front 53

King Henry VIII

Back 53

Broke w/ the Church

Front 54

The Stuart Monarchs (who, why they had conflict w/ Parliament)

Back 54

JCCCJ - the rulers after the death of Elizabeth, believed in divine right, tried to establish Catholicism

Front 55

Oliver Cromwell (English Civil War)

Back 55

overthrows King Charles I (executed him)
military dictatorship

Front 56

Louis XIV (description of his reign, why is he best example of absolutism?)

Back 56

Where: France
When: 1643-1715
Acc. 1: Palace of Versailles
Acc. 2: used intendents (middle class)
Failure: deficit spending
Was most important because he controlled everything and knew exactly how to control his people and middle class and nobles so that he had a strong monarchy and absolute power.

Front 57

Elizabeth Tudor

Back 57

Where: England
When: 1558-1603
Acc 1: defeating the Spanish Armada
Acc 2: religious tolerance
Failure: no heir

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Peter the Great (why did he travel to the West, how did he change Russia)

Back 58

Where: Russia
When: 1682-1725
Acc 1: built up military
Acc 2: westernized/modernized Russia (St. Petersburg)
Failure: oppressed the serfs

Front 59

Suleiman the Magnificent

Back 59

strongest ruler from the Ottoman Empire - codified laws, strong military

Front 60

Akbar the Great

Back 60

1605 - brought Mogul rule to most of India

Front 61

Isaac Newton

Back 61

universal law of gravitation
laws of motion
calculus

Front 62

William Harvey

Back 62

circulation of blood starts in the heart, not the liver

Front 63

Francis Bacon

Back 63

scientific method

Front 64

Galileo (what did he do, challenges he faced)

Back 64

good telescope
heliocentric theory
declared a heretic

Front 65

Copernicus

Back 65

heliocentric theory

Front 66

Rousseau

Back 66

wrote the social contract

Front 67

Montesquieu (ideas, impact)

Back 67

separation of powers
constitution

Front 68

Locke (ideas, impact)

Back 68

natural rights - life, liberty, property
constitutionalism, French + American Revolutions

Front 69

Voltaire (ideas, impact)

Back 69

separation of Church + state
1st amendments (freedom of speech)

Front 70

Hobbes

Back 70

absolutism/social contract

Front 71

Louis XVI

Back 71

bad-deficit spending
French Revolution

Front 72

Marie Antoinette

Back 72

ruler during French Revolution - married to Louis XVI

Front 73

Robespierre

Back 73

Reign of Terror - guillotine
1793-1794
Goal: "create a republic of virtue"

Front 74

Napoleon (everything)

Back 74

From Corsica
Coup d'etat, overthrew Directory (1799)
1.First Consul, 2. Consul for Life
Legacy = Napoleonic Code, birth of nationalism, idea of revolution
Concordat of 1801 - repair relationship w/ Catholic Church

Front 75

Metternich

Back 75

Austrian foreign minister (head of C.O.V.)
"When France sneezes, Europe catches cold"

Front 76

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Back 76

Haiti - led Haitian rebellion against France in 1801

Front 77

Simon Bolivar

Back 77

S. America - helped liberate areas of L. America and overthrew the Spanish

Front 78

Miguel Hidalgo

Back 78

Started Mexican revolution

Front 79

Camillo Cavouor

Back 79

united the North of Italy
Wanted a King (conservative)

Front 80

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Back 80

united the South of Italy
turned over his territory to Cavour

Front 81

Otto von Bismarck

Back 81

untied the German States
realpolitik