Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
204 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Why were the two treaties signed in the late 1960s important? |
They limited the possibility of further conflict between the superpowers. |
|
What did the outer space treaty do? |
1967 Stopped the arms race spreading to outer space by either superpower. |
|
What did the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty agree to? |
1968 Neither superpower would supply nuclear weapons to other states or help other states to develop nuclear weapons. This stopped superpower |
|
What did SALT 1 basically do? What was its purpose at core? |
Imposed limits on the nuclear capability of Russia and the USA. SALT 1 was intended to be a temporary agreement leading to a more comprehensive treaty. |
|
What were the agreements reached in SALT 1?\ #1 SAS |
-The USA and USSR agreed that there would be no further production of strategic ballistic missiles (short-range, lightweight missiles). |
|
What were the agreements reached in SALT 1? #2 |
-The ABM (Anti-Ballistic Missile) Treaty was agreed. If developed, ABMs could shoot down incoming nuclear missiles. If one side achieved this first it would effectively give them a dangerous edge in the arms race. Both sides were limited to two ABM systems each. |
|
What were the agreements reached in SALT 1?#3 |
-Both powers agreed that submarines carrying nuclear weapons would only be introduced when existing stocks of intercontinental ballistic missiles became obsolete.
|
|
Who was SALT 1 signed by? |
Leonid Brezhnev and Richard Nixon |
|
What was the SALT 1 treaty significant? |
It was the first agreement between superpowers that successfully limited the number of nuclear weapons they held. It also showed that detente had created an environment in which the two sides could cooperate on important issues. |
|
What were the origins of SALT 2? |
In consequence to SALT 1 only meaning to be a temporary treaty negotiations for SALT 2 began in 1972 . |
|
Why were negotiations for SALT 2 difficult? |
-The West German government was worried that further arms reductions would leave their territory undefended - Right-wing American Congressmen thought hat detente had gone too far and were reluctant to agree to further compromises with the Soviet Union. |
|
What did the 1974 Vladivostok Agreement agree as part of SALT 2? |
Both sides agreed to reduce their stocks of nuclear warheads to 2250. |
|
Who was SALT 2 signed by? |
US President Carter and Soviet Premier Brezhnev. |
|
When was the Apollo-Soyuz mission? |
1975 |
|
What was the Apollo-Soyuz mission? |
A joint space mission was launched in which an American Apollo space craft and a Russian spacecraft docked high above the earth. The 1960s had been dominated by an extremely competitive space race to the moon, but this marked the beginning of the superpower co-operation in space. |
|
When were the Helsinki agreements? What were the Helsinki agreements? |
1975 The Helsinki Conference had representatives from 35 countries. They came from all of Europe, except Andorra and Albania. There were also representatives from the USSR, the USA and Canada. They discussed an agreement that had taken two years to draft. The terms of the agreement applied to everyone. There were there were three main issues: security, cooperation and human rights. |
|
What did the Security elements of the Helsinki agreements cover? BDIM |
-All country boundaries accepted (East G and West G accept for 1st time -All disputed were to be settled peacefully (If necessary through the UN), not by the use of force. -No country would interfere in the internal affairs of another country -Countries could inform each other about any big military manoeuvres and would accept representatives from other countries to observe them. |
|
What did the Co-operation elements of the Helsinki agreements cover? 'I SEE' Can be pronounced Icy |
-economic co-operation through trade (so the USA would buy oil from the USSR, whilst the USSR would buy wheat from the USA) -industrial co-operation through setting the same standards and running joint industrial projects -Scientific co-operation through sharing information and research (for exampleTm medicme or space research) educational co-operation (for example, learning languages, student exchanges). |
|
What did the Helsinki agreements cover in terms of Human Rights? |
Countries should respect human rights, including: • freedom of speech • freedom of movement • freedom of religion • freedom of information. |
|
What did the Helsinki agreements achieve? |
The Helsinki Agreements stabilised the situation in Europe by agreeing greater co-operation between the superpowers and their European allies in terms of trade and fighting international terrorism. This limited the possibility of superpower conflict by creating a stable relationship between the USSR and America in Europe. |
|
What could detente not stop? |
Even detente could not stop superpower competition over the developing world. |
|
What could detente not stop? |
Even detente could not stop superpower competition over the developing world. |
|
What did Brezhnev at sea as an opportunity to extend his power? |
Soviet leader Brezina saw the communist revolution in Afghanistan as an opportunity to extend his power into the oil rich Middle East. |
|
What could detente not stop? |
Even detente could not stop superpower competition over the developing world. |
|
What did Brezhnev at sea as an opportunity to extend his power? |
Soviet leader Brezina saw the communist revolution in Afghanistan as an opportunity to extend his power into the oil rich Middle East. |
|
How was the Kabul revolution significant to the Cold War? |
The Kabul Revolution of April 1978 witnessed the dramatic overthrow of the government. The new government, based in the Afghan capital of Kabul, was determined 'to build socialism in Afghanistan'. The new communist president, Mohammed Taraki, quickly became an ally of the USSR. |
|
What could detente not stop? |
Even detente could not stop superpower competition over the developing world. |
|
What did Brezhnev at sea as an opportunity to extend his power? |
Soviet leader Brezina saw the communist revolution in Afghanistan as an opportunity to extend his power into the oil rich Middle East. |
|
How was the Kabul revolution significant to the Cold War? |
The Kabul Revolution of April 1978 witnessed the dramatic overthrow of the government. The new government, based in the Afghan capital of Kabul, was determined 'to build socialism in Afghanistan'. The new communist president, Mohammed Taraki, quickly became an ally of the USSR. |
|
In what ways was the revolutionary government of Afghanistan far from stable |
It suffered from personal rivalries and disagreements. Moreover, many Muslim leaders across reforms the government introduced. |
|
What could detente not stop? |
Even detente could not stop superpower competition over the developing world. |
|
What did Brezhnev at sea as an opportunity to extend his power? |
Soviet leader Brezina saw the communist revolution in Afghanistan as an opportunity to extend his power into the oil rich Middle East. |
|
How was the Kabul revolution significant to the Cold War? |
The Kabul Revolution of April 1978 witnessed the dramatic overthrow of the government. The new government, based in the Afghan capital of Kabul, was determined 'to build socialism in Afghanistan'. The new communist president, Mohammed Taraki, quickly became an ally of the USSR. |
|
In what ways was the revolutionary government of Afghanistan far from stable |
It suffered from personal rivalries and disagreements. Moreover, many Muslim leaders across reforms the government introduced. |
|
What did the instability of the revolutionary government of Afghanistan cause in the spring of 1979? |
By the spring of 1979 this anger had caused a civil war to break out across the country between government and Islamic fighters. |
|
What could detente not stop? |
Even detente could not stop superpower competition over the developing world. |
|
What did Brezhnev at sea as an opportunity to extend his power? |
Soviet leader Brezina saw the communist revolution in Afghanistan as an opportunity to extend his power into the oil rich Middle East. |
|
How was the Kabul revolution significant to the Cold War? |
The Kabul Revolution of April 1978 witnessed the dramatic overthrow of the government. The new government, based in the Afghan capital of Kabul, was determined 'to build socialism in Afghanistan'. The new communist president, Mohammed Taraki, quickly became an ally of the USSR. |
|
In what ways was the revolutionary government of Afghanistan far from stable |
It suffered from personal rivalries and disagreements. Moreover, many Muslim leaders across reforms the government introduced. |
|
What did the instability of the revolutionary government of Afghanistan cause in the spring of 1979? |
By the spring of 1979 this anger had caused a civil war to break out across the country between government and Islamic fighters. |
|
What did the civil war in Afghanistan result in? |
President Taraki was forced to accept Hafizullah Amin, the head of the army, as prime minister. But the two men became bitter rivals. In October 1979, Amin supporters assassinated Taraki and Amin claimed presidency of the country. |
|
What could detente not stop? |
Even detente could not stop superpower competition over the developing world. |
|
What did Brezhnev at sea as an opportunity to extend his power? |
Soviet leader Brezina saw the communist revolution in Afghanistan as an opportunity to extend his power into the oil rich Middle East. |
|
How was the Kabul revolution significant to the Cold War? |
The Kabul Revolution of April 1978 witnessed the dramatic overthrow of the government. The new government, based in the Afghan capital of Kabul, was determined 'to build socialism in Afghanistan'. The new communist president, Mohammed Taraki, quickly became an ally of the USSR. |
|
In what ways was the revolutionary government of Afghanistan far from stable |
It suffered from personal rivalries and disagreements. Moreover, many Muslim leaders across reforms the government introduced. |
|
What did the instability of the revolutionary government of Afghanistan cause in the spring of 1979? |
By the spring of 1979 this anger had caused a civil war to break out across the country between government and Islamic fighters. |
|
What did the civil war in Afghanistan result in? |
President Taraki was forced to accept Hafizullah Amin, the head of the army, as prime minister. But the two men became bitter rivals. In October 1979, Amin supporters assassinated Taraki and Amin claimed presidency of the country. |
|
What did prisoner of order following Amins seizure of power? |
Brezhnev never ordered the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. |
|
What could detente not stop? |
Even detente could not stop superpower competition over the developing world. |
|
What did Brezhnev at sea as an opportunity to extend his power? |
Soviet leader Brezina saw the communist revolution in Afghanistan as an opportunity to extend his power into the oil rich Middle East. |
|
How was the Kabul revolution significant to the Cold War? |
The Kabul Revolution of April 1978 witnessed the dramatic overthrow of the government. The new government, based in the Afghan capital of Kabul, was determined 'to build socialism in Afghanistan'. The new communist president, Mohammed Taraki, quickly became an ally of the USSR. |
|
In what ways was the revolutionary government of Afghanistan far from stable |
It suffered from personal rivalries and disagreements. Moreover, many Muslim leaders across reforms the government introduced. |
|
What did the instability of the revolutionary government of Afghanistan cause in the spring of 1979? |
By the spring of 1979 this anger had caused a civil war to break out across the country between government and Islamic fighters. |
|
What did the civil war in Afghanistan result in? |
President Taraki was forced to accept Hafizullah Amin, the head of the army, as prime minister. But the two men became bitter rivals. In October 1979, Amin supporters assassinated Taraki and Amin claimed presidency of the country. |
|
What did prisoner of order following Amins seizure of power? |
Brezhnev never ordered the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. |
|
For what reasons did Brezhnev to order so the invasion of Afghanistan? #1 |
Although Amin was a communist. the USSR did not tmst him. The Soviet secret police reported that he was an American spy He was also unpopular with a large number of Muslims in the country and Brezhnev feared that Muslim groups were planning to take control of the country. |
|
For what reasons did Brezhnev to order so the invasion of Afghanistan? #2 |
The USSR was concerned that, as a result of the civil war, Afghanistan would become an Islamic state and influence nearby Soviet republics to do the same. The Islamic states were not communist and therefore any countries that became Islamic would have no reason to make alliances with Russia. |
|
For what reasons did Brezhnev to order so the invasion of Afghanistan? #3 and #4 |
• Babrak Karmal. an Afghani communist, argued that he had enough popular support to form a new government but needed Soviet help to defeat Amin's military • Brezhnev believed that America would tolerate the invasion, as it had done in Czechoslovakia following the 'Prague Spring' to avoid war. |
|
What was the result of Brezhnev's invasion? |
Soviet troops killed Amin along with many of his supporters, and Karmal was declared president (a post he retained until 1986). Yet the invasion proved to be a disaster both for Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. It lasted ten years and around 1.5 million people died, including almost 15,000 Russian soldiers. |
|
What caused the Carter Doctrine? |
Brezhnev's invasion was a severe miscalculation. The American president, Jimmy Carter, was appalled at the Soviet aggression. Consequently, he made a statement that became known as the Carter Doctrine. |
|
Essentially what did the Carter doctrine state? |
Essentially, he argued that the USA would not allow the USSR to gain control of territory in the oil-rich Middle East. He also immediately took a number of steps to try to remove Soviet troops from Afghanistan. |
|
Essentially what did the Carter doctrine state? |
Essentially, he argued that the USA would not allow the USSR to gain control of territory in the oil-rich Middle East. He also immediately took a number of steps to try to remove Soviet troops from Afghanistan. |
|
What steps did Carter take after the Carter doctrine? |
1 He formed an alliance with China and Israel to support Afghan rebels, who were opposed to the Soviet invasion and the Afghan communist government. America's Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) provided weapons and funds for the Mujahideen - an Islamic organisation which was fighting to free Afghanistan from Soviet control. 2 He imposed economic sanctions (restrictions), stopping virtually all trade with the Soviet Union. 3 He ended diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. |
|
How did Carters actions end DETENTE? #1 SALT 2 |
Carter had signed the SALT 2 treaty in June 1979. However, in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan the US Senate refused to ratify the treaty and therefore it never became law. |
|
How did Carters actions end DETENTE? #1 SALT1 |
D |
|
How did Carters actions end DETENTE? #1 SALT1 |
D |
|
How did Carters actions end DETENTE? #1 SALT1 |
Increased defence spending. At the same time Carter increased US defence spending by 5 per cent. In addition Carter ordered the US military to come up with plans for surviving and winning a nuclear war with the Soviet Union. These measures indicated that he was taking a more hard-line approach to superpower relations. |
|
How did Carters actions end DETENTE? #3 The Olympic Boycott. |
Additionally, Carter led a boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games. Around sixty countries, including China, Malawi, West Germany and Zaire, followed the American lead and refused to attend the games in protest at the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The American government set up an alternative Olympics, called the Olympic Boycott Games, which was held in Philadelphia. |
|
How did the American press react to Brezhnev's actions? |
The American press ridiculed the official Olympic Games and nicknamed Misha Bear, Russia's Olympic mascot, Gulag Bear - a reference to Soviet prison camps, which were known as gulags. |
|
How did the American press react to Brezhnev's actions? |
The American press ridiculed the official Olympic Games and nicknamed Misha Bear, Russia's Olympic mascot, Gulag Bear - a reference to Soviet prison camps, which were known as gulags. |
|
How was the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic games also highly political? |
The 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games was also highly political. In retaliation for the 1980 boycott, the USSR and 14 communist countries refused to attend the Los Angeles Olympic Games. The USSR organised the Friendship Games as a communist altemative. |
|
What does the phrase "Second Cold War" mean? |
The 'Second Cold War' is a phrase used to describe the period between 1979 and 1985, which marked a new low in superpower relations. As in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the public was extremely concerned about the possibility of nuclear war. This anxiety was reflected in popular culture, particularly in television shows such as the American TV movie The Day After (1983) and the British TV drama Threads (1984). |
|
What does the phrase "Second Cold War" mean? |
The 'Second Cold War' is a phrase used to describe the period between 1979 and 1985, which marked a new low in superpower relations. As in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the public was extremely concerned about the possibility of nuclear war. This anxiety was reflected in popular culture, particularly in television shows such as the American TV movie The Day After (1983) and the British TV drama Threads (1984). |
|
When did Ronald Reagan become the new American president? |
1981 |
|
What does the phrase "Second Cold War" mean? |
The 'Second Cold War' is a phrase used to describe the period between 1979 and 1985, which marked a new low in superpower relations. As in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the public was extremely concerned about the possibility of nuclear war. This anxiety was reflected in popular culture, particularly in television shows such as the American TV movie The Day After (1983) and the British TV drama Threads (1984). |
|
When did Ronald Reagan become the new American president? |
1981 |
|
How did Reagan stand in terms of his attitude towards the Cold War? |
Reagan in no way had any intention of putting back together detente he believed it was time for America to start fighting again. Reagan wanted to win the Cold War. |
|
What does the phrase "Second Cold War" mean? |
The 'Second Cold War' is a phrase used to describe the period between 1979 and 1985, which marked a new low in superpower relations. As in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the public was extremely concerned about the possibility of nuclear war. This anxiety was reflected in popular culture, particularly in television shows such as the American TV movie The Day After (1983) and the British TV drama Threads (1984). |
|
When did Ronald Reagan become the new American president? |
1981 |
|
How did Reagan stand in terms of his attitude towards the Cold War? |
Reagan in no way had any intention of putting back together detente he believed it was time for America to start fighting again. Reagan wanted to win the Cold War. |
|
What was the American media stance on Reagan |
– the American media were not convinced that Reagan was suitable to be president. He was famous for starring low-budget 1950s movies his most famous role was in the film bedtime for Bonzo (1951), in which hestarred alongside the chimp. Reading was betrayed as a modern day cowboy, who knew nothing of world affairs and was totally unqualified to be American president. |
|
What does the phrase "Second Cold War" mean? |
The 'Second Cold War' is a phrase used to describe the period between 1979 and 1985, which marked a new low in superpower relations. As in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the public was extremely concerned about the possibility of nuclear war. This anxiety was reflected in popular culture, particularly in television shows such as the American TV movie The Day After (1983) and the British TV drama Threads (1984). |
|
When did Ronald Reagan become the new American president? |
1981 |
|
How did Reagan stand in terms of his attitude towards the Cold War? |
Reagan in no way had any intention of putting back together detente he believed it was time for America to start fighting again. Reagan wanted to win the Cold War. |
|
What was the American media stance on Reagan |
– the American media were not convinced that Reagan was suitable to be president. He was famous for starring low-budget 1950s movies his most famous role was in the film bedtime for Bonzo (1951), in which hestarred alongside the chimp. Reading was betrayed as a modern day cowboy, who knew nothing of world affairs and was totally unqualified to be American president. |
|
What did the French and British think of Reagan? |
French and British commentators were also worried by Reagan, particularly when he stated that he could imagine "a limited nuclear war in Europe". |
|
What did Reagan think of detente? |
Reagan has strong ideas on the future of the Cold War. For example, he believed that detente had been a disaster for the USA. He thought the policy had made the USA week following the USSR to grow strong. Reagan rejected the idea of peaceful coexistence with the USSR, believing that it was America's deaths need to fight for individual freedom in the Cold War. |
|
What did Reagan think of detente? |
Reagan has strong ideas on the future of the Cold War. For example, he believed that detente had been a disaster for the USA. He thought the policy had made the USA week following the USSR to grow strong. Reagan rejected the idea of peaceful coexistence with the USSR, believing that it was America's deaths need to fight for individual freedom in the Cold War. |
|
What was Reagan's Evil empire speech? |
Reagan made his view of the Soviet Union plain in his famous (Evil Empire' speech in March 1983. Reagan was a committed Christian and gave this speech at a meeting of the National Association of Evangelicals, a Christian organisation. Reagan argued that the Cold War was a fight between good and evil, and that America fought with God's blessing. |
|
What did Reagan think of detente? |
Reagan has strong ideas on the future of the Cold War. For example, he believed that detente had been a disaster for the USA. He thought the policy had made the USA week following the USSR to grow strong. Reagan rejected the idea of peaceful coexistence with the USSR, believing that it was America's deaths need to fight for individual freedom in the Cold War. |
|
What was Reagan's Evil empire speech? |
Reagan made his view of the Soviet Union plain in his famous (Evil Empire' speech in March 1983. Reagan was a committed Christian and gave this speech at a meeting of the National Association of Evangelicals, a Christian organisation. Reagan argued that the Cold War was a fight between good and evil, and that America fought with God's blessing. |
|
What was Reagan's main point in his 'evil empire' speech? |
Reagan urged Americans not to: 'ignore the facts of history and the aggressive impulses of an evil empire' and to 'remove yourself from the struggle between right and wrong and good and evil'. Reagan's point was that the Cold War was a moral war and that America had a moral duty to invest in new nuclear weapons in order to defend liberty from the 'evil' Soviet Union. |
|
What is an extract from Reagans "evil empire" speech |
A number of years ago, I heard a young father give a speech in which he said, 'I love my little girls more than anything. He went on: 'I would rather see my little girls die now; still believing in God, than have them grow up under communism and one day die no longer believing in God'. There were thousands of young people in that audience. They came to their feet with shouts of joy. They had instantly recognised the profound truth in what he had said. |
|
What was Reagan's vision? |
Reagan's vision Many of Reagan's closest advisors misunderstood him. They thought that when he talked about victory in the Cold War, he was only trying to win support from the American people. But Reagan had a bold vision: he was determined to win the Cold War. He honestly believed that the USA should fight to win. Specifically, Reagan believed that the USSR could be forced to disarm by his new initiative: SDI (Strategic Defence Initiative). |
|
What was Reagan's vision? |
Reagan's vision Many of Reagan's closest advisors misunderstood him. They thought that when he talked about victory in the Cold War, he was only trying to win support from the American people. But Reagan had a bold vision: he was determined to win the Cold War. He honestly believed that the USA should fight to win. Specifically, Reagan believed that the USSR could be forced to disarm by his new initiative: SDI (Strategic Defence Initiative). |
|
What was 'Star Wars' (STI) ? |
Reagan's plan for winning the Cold War involved taking the arms race to a new level. He proposed a 'nuclear umbrella , which would stop Soviet nuclear bombs from reaching American soil. Reagan's plan was to launch an army of satellites equipped with powerful lasers, which would intercept Soviet missiles in space and destroy them before they could do America any harm. For obvious reasons, Reagan's scheme soon became known as 'Star Wars'. Reagan believed that his 'Star Wars' technology would make Soviet nuclear missiles useless and therefore force the USSR to disarm. |
|
How was STI (Star Wars) a turning point in the arms race? |
During detente, the superpowers had been evenly matched and had worked together to limit the growth of their nuclear stockpiles. SDI was a complete break from this policy. In fact, SDI broke the terms of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 (see page 47), which was signed during detente and had committed the superpowers to use space technology for peace alone. |
|
What was the Soviet response to SDI? |
– The Soviet leadersknew perfectly well they could not compete with Reagans (Star Wars) plan. For many reasons concerning the USSRs technology ,economy and fear of the potential of technology the USSR could no longer compete in the arms race. |
|
How did previous events in the arms/space race affect the Soviets response to STI? |
First, America had won the race to the moon in 1969, and by the early 1980s it to develop the next generation of spacecraft: the space shuttle |
|
How did the Soviet economy affects the Soviets response SDI? |
Secondly, the Soviet economy was not producing enough wealth to fund consumer goods, conventional military spending and the development of new space-based weapons. |
|
How did the computer technology element of STI affect the Soviet response to "Star Wars"? |
The USSR was behind America in terms of its computer technology. During the 1980s, the American computer market boomed. Prior to the SDI, however, Soviet leaders were highly suspicious of computers because they were concerned they might be used to undermine the power of the Communist Party. For example, computers with word processors and printers could be used to produce anti-government propaganda, or computers linked to telephones could be used to leak secrets to governments in the West. Computers were essential for the development of a 'Star Wars'-type programme. |
|
How did the Soviet economy affects the Soviets response SDI? |
Secondly, the Soviet economy was not producing enough wealth to fund consumer goods, conventional military spending and the development of new space-based weapons. |
|
How did the computer technology element of STI affect the Soviet response to "Star Wars"? |
The USSR was behind America in terms of its computer technology. During the 1980s, the American computer market boomed. Prior to the SDI, however, Soviet leaders were highly suspicious of computers because they were concerned they might be used to undermine the power of the Communist Party. For example, computers with word processors and printers could be used to produce anti-government propaganda, or computers linked to telephones could be used to leak secrets to governments in the West. Computers were essential for the development of a 'Star Wars'-type programme. |
|
From what date did Mikhail Gorbachev serve as leader of the Soviet union? |
1985 to 1991. |
|
How was the result of Mikhail Gorbachev's leadership differ from what he had intended for communism? |
He served until the Soviet union collapsed in 1991. He saw the end of the Cold War, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of communism in Russia. However it was never his intention to undermine communism. Rather, he hoped to be communisms saviour. |
|
At first, how did Gorbachev you the SU's relationship with America? |
Gorbachev had very little foreign policy experience prior to becoming the leader of Russia. At first, he viewed the relationship America in rather simplistic terms. From example, following his first meeting with President Reagan in 1985, he commented that "Reagan is not just the class enemy; he is extremely primitive. He looks like a caveman and is mentally retarded" |
|
At first, how did Gorbachev you the SU's relationship with America? |
Gorbachev had very little foreign policy experience prior to becoming the leader of Russia. At first, he viewed the relationship America in rather simplistic terms. From example, following his first meeting with President Reagan in 1985, he commented that "Reagan is not just the class enemy; he is extremely primitive. He looks like a caveman and is mentally retarded" |
|
How was Gorbachev's relationship with the West tested over Chernobyl? |
In April 1986, the nuclear reactor in the Chemobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine went critical and exploded. Initially, Gorbachev authorised a cover story that denied there had been a release of dangerous radiation. The Western media were unconvinced by the Soviet cover story and Western governments put pressure on Gorbachev to tell the truth about the scale of the disaster. Chernobyl became an international symbol of the crisis in Soviet communism. |
|
At first, how did Gorbachev you the SU's relationship with America? |
Gorbachev had very little foreign policy experience prior to becoming the leader of Russia. At first, he viewed the relationship America in rather simplistic terms. From example, following his first meeting with President Reagan in 1985, he commented that "Reagan is not just the class enemy; he is extremely primitive. He looks like a caveman and is mentally retarded" |
|
How was Gorbachev's relationship with the West tested over Chernobyl? |
In April 1986, the nuclear reactor in the Chemobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine went critical and exploded. Initially, Gorbachev authorised a cover story that denied there had been a release of dangerous radiation. The Western media were unconvinced by the Soviet cover story and Western governments put pressure on Gorbachev to tell the truth about the scale of the disaster. Chernobyl became an international symbol of the crisis in Soviet communism. |
|
What were the problems that Gorbachev recognised that communism in Russia face? # Economy |
• The Soviet economy was not nearly as efficient as the Amencan economy. While Americans in the 1980s enjoyed an excellent standard of living, everyday life in Russia was dominated by shortages. For example, it was not uncommon for housewives in Moscow to queue for up to five hours simply to get a packet of sausages |
|
At first, how did Gorbachev you the SU's relationship with America? |
Gorbachev had very little foreign policy experience prior to becoming the leader of Russia. At first, he viewed the relationship America in rather simplistic terms. From example, following his first meeting with President Reagan in 1985, he commented that "Reagan is not just the class enemy; he is extremely primitive. He looks like a caveman and is mentally retarded" |
|
How was Gorbachev's relationship with the West tested over Chernobyl? |
In April 1986, the nuclear reactor in the Chemobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine went critical and exploded. Initially, Gorbachev authorised a cover story that denied there had been a release of dangerous radiation. The Western media were unconvinced by the Soviet cover story and Western governments put pressure on Gorbachev to tell the truth about the scale of the disaster. Chernobyl became an international symbol of the crisis in Soviet communism. |
|
What were the problems that Gorbachev recognised that communism in Russia face? # Economy |
• The Soviet economy was not nearly as efficient as the Amencan economy. While Americans in the 1980s enjoyed an excellent standard of living, everyday life in Russia was dominated by shortages. For example, it was not uncommon for housewives in Moscow to queue for up to five hours simply to get a packet of sausages |
|
What were the problems that Gorbachev recognised that communism in Russia faced? #2 Faith |
• Many of the Soviet people had lost faith in the Communist Party. |
|
At first, how did Gorbachev you the SU's relationship with America? |
Gorbachev had very little foreign policy experience prior to becoming the leader of Russia. At first, he viewed the relationship America in rather simplistic terms. From example, following his first meeting with President Reagan in 1985, he commented that "Reagan is not just the class enemy; he is extremely primitive. He looks like a caveman and is mentally retarded" |
|
How was Gorbachev's relationship with the West tested over Chernobyl? |
In April 1986, the nuclear reactor in the Chemobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine went critical and exploded. Initially, Gorbachev authorised a cover story that denied there had been a release of dangerous radiation. The Western media were unconvinced by the Soviet cover story and Western governments put pressure on Gorbachev to tell the truth about the scale of the disaster. Chernobyl became an international symbol of the crisis in Soviet communism. |
|
What were the problems that Gorbachev recognised that communism in Russia face? # Economy |
• The Soviet economy was not nearly as efficient as the Amencan economy. While Americans in the 1980s enjoyed an excellent standard of living, everyday life in Russia was dominated by shortages. For example, it was not uncommon for housewives in Moscow to queue for up to five hours simply to get a packet of sausages |
|
What were the problems that Gorbachev recognised that communism in Russia faced? #2 Faith |
• Many of the Soviet people had lost faith in the Communist Party. |
|
What were the two radical elements that Gorbachev had plan for revising communism? |
• perestroika (restructuring) - economic reforms designed to make the Soviet economy more efficient • glasnost (openness) - censorship of the press was to be relaxed. |
|
At first, how did Gorbachev you the SU's relationship with America? |
Gorbachev had very little foreign policy experience prior to becoming the leader of Russia. At first, he viewed the relationship America in rather simplistic terms. From example, following his first meeting with President Reagan in 1985, he commented that "Reagan is not just the class enemy; he is extremely primitive. He looks like a caveman and is mentally retarded" |
|
How was Gorbachev's relationship with the West tested over Chernobyl? |
In April 1986, the nuclear reactor in the Chemobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine went critical and exploded. Initially, Gorbachev authorised a cover story that denied there had been a release of dangerous radiation. The Western media were unconvinced by the Soviet cover story and Western governments put pressure on Gorbachev to tell the truth about the scale of the disaster. Chernobyl became an international symbol of the crisis in Soviet communism. |
|
What were the problems that Gorbachev recognised that communism in Russia face? # Economy |
• The Soviet economy was not nearly as efficient as the Amencan economy. While Americans in the 1980s enjoyed an excellent standard of living, everyday life in Russia was dominated by shortages. For example, it was not uncommon for housewives in Moscow to queue for up to five hours simply to get a packet of sausages |
|
What were the problems that Gorbachev recognised that communism in Russia faced? #2 Faith |
• Many of the Soviet people had lost faith in the Communist Party. |
|
What were the two radical elements that Gorbachev had plan for revising communism? |
• perestroika (restructuring) - economic reforms designed to make the Soviet economy more efficient • glasnost (openness) - censorship of the press was to be relaxed. |
|
What did Gorbachev assume that his radical programme of reform would result in? |
Gorbachev assumed that perestroika and glasnost would strengthen the power of the Soviet Communist Party. Indeed, although Gorbachev talked about reform, he was very slow to allow democratic elections in Russia. |
|
What were the strengths of the USA in 1985? |
– A booming economy return – excellent computer technology – excellent space technology – highly are quick to conventional military forces – international reputation as "leaders of the free world" – NATO allies |
|
What were the strengths of the USA in 1985? |
– A booming economy return – excellent computer technology – excellent space technology – highly are quick to conventional military forces – international reputation as "leaders of the free world" – NATO allies |
|
What were the strengths of the USSR in 1986? |
– Warsaw Pact allies. – greater number of nuclear missiles than in the USA |
|
What were the strengths of the USSR in 1986? |
– Warsaw Pact allies. – greater number of nuclear missiles than in the USA |
|
What were the USA's weaknesses in 1986? |
-Fewer nuclear missiles than the USSR. |
|
What were the strengths of the USSR in 1986? |
– Warsaw Pact allies. – greater number of nuclear missiles than in the USA |
|
What were the USA's weaknesses in 1986? |
-Fewer nuclear missiles than the USSR. |
|
What where the USSR's weaknesses in 1986? |
– Committed to an expensive war in Afghanistan – failing economy – old-fashioned technology – reputation ruined by Chernobyl crisis |
|
What were the strengths of the USSR in 1986? |
– Warsaw Pact allies. – greater number of nuclear missiles than in the USA |
|
What were the USA's weaknesses in 1986? |
-Fewer nuclear missiles than the USSR. |
|
What where the USSR's weaknesses in 1986? |
– Committed to an expensive war in Afghanistan – failing economy – old-fashioned technology – reputation ruined by Chernobyl crisis |
|
When did the first meeting between President Reagan and Premier Gorbachev occur (Geneva Summit)? |
1985 |
|
What were Reagan's aims during the Geneva Summit? |
Reagan was clearly in the stronger position. Nonetheless, his aims were fairly limited. Reagan's aim for the conference was to persuade Gorbachev that he sincerely desired peace between the two superpowers. |
|
What were Reagan's aims during the Geneva Summit? |
Reagan was clearly in the stronger position. Nonetheless, his aims were fairly limited. Reagan's aim for the conference was to persuade Gorbachev that he sincerely desired peace between the two superpowers. |
|
What were Gorbachev his aims for the Geneva Summit? |
Gorbachev, although in a weaker position, was hoping to persuade Reagan to drop his plans for SDI. . Gorbachev was also keen to establish a working relationship with the American president. |
|
What were Reagan's aims during the Geneva Summit? |
Reagan was clearly in the stronger position. Nonetheless, his aims were fairly limited. Reagan's aim for the conference was to persuade Gorbachev that he sincerely desired peace between the two superpowers. |
|
What were Gorbachev his aims for the Geneva Summit? |
Gorbachev, although in a weaker position, was hoping to persuade Reagan to drop his plans for SDI. . Gorbachev was also keen to establish a working relationship with the American president. |
|
What did Gorbachev do you before the Geneva Summit which highlighted his intention for an end to the aggressive foreign-policy of the USSR in the past? |
Indeed, prior to the meeting, he sacked the long-serving Soviet foreign minister, Andrei Gromyko, and appointed Eduard Shevardnadze as his replacement. This move signalled an end to the aggressive foreign policy that had been pursued by Gromyko. |
|
What were Reagan's aims during the Geneva Summit? |
Reagan was clearly in the stronger position. Nonetheless, his aims were fairly limited. Reagan's aim for the conference was to persuade Gorbachev that he sincerely desired peace between the two superpowers. |
|
What were Gorbachev his aims for the Geneva Summit? |
Gorbachev, although in a weaker position, was hoping to persuade Reagan to drop his plans for SDI. . Gorbachev was also keen to establish a working relationship with the American president. |
|
What did Gorbachev do you before the Geneva Summit which highlighted his intention for an end to the aggressive foreign-policy of the USSR in the past? |
Indeed, prior to the meeting, he sacked the long-serving Soviet foreign minister, Andrei Gromyko, and appointed Eduard Shevardnadze as his replacement. This move signalled an end to the aggressive foreign policy that had been pursued by Gromyko. |
|
In what way was the Geneva meeting significant? |
The Geneva meeting was significant because the two leaders were able to talk faceto-face and develop a personal relationship. However, no formal agreement on arms control was reached. |
|
When was the Reykjavik meeting? |
October 1986 |
|
When was the Reykjavik meeting? |
October 1986 |
|
What did Reagan propose during the Reykjavik meeting? |
The Reykjavik meeting of October 1986 was much more ambitious. Reagan proposed scrapping all ballistic nuclear missiles. Gorbachev, however, was unwilling to agree to these proposals because Reagan refused to drop his SDI project. |
|
What changed Raegan's mind about detente? #1 |
He could see public opinion was against another arms race. He wanted to save the money that and arms race would cost the USA. He also did not want the USA to be seen as a brutal Billy had already been large-scale demonstrations across western Europe against the siting of US missiles there. |
|
What changed Raegan's mind about detente? #2 Gorbachev |
He could see there was widespread approval of Gorbachev and his changes in the USSR. There was such enthusiasm for Gorbachevs reforms that a new word was invented to describe.it: 'Gorbymania'. This spread from the USSR through the Eastern European states to many other countries, including the USA. Gorbachev was the first ruler of the USSR to gain significant public approval in the USA. He had also won the approval of other heads of state, including the British prime minister,Margaret Thatcher. |
|
What changed to Reagans mind about detente? #3(Relationship With Gorbachev) |
He got on with Gorbachev and seems to have believed that Gorbachev wanted reforms in the USSR and an end to the Cold War. Once Reagan had decided to try for detente, he made sure that he got the publicity right. For example, when he and Gorbachev met. he made sure that they, and their wives, looked as if they genuinely got on. |
|
What changed to Reagans mind about detente? #3(Relationship With Gorbachev) |
He got on with Gorbachev and seems to have believed that Gorbachev wanted reforms in the USSR and an end to the Cold War. Once Reagan had decided to try for detente, he made sure that he got the publicity right. For example, when he and Gorbachev met. he made sure that they, and their wives, looked as if they genuinely got on. |
|
What caused the INF treaty? |
Following the Reykjavik meeting, American and soviet diplomats continued to try and draft an arms reduction treaty. |
|
When and where was the INF treaty signed? |
Washington in December 1987 |
|
What does the INF treaty do? |
The treaty eliminated all nuclear missiles within a range of 500–5500 km (310–3400 miles) |
|
Why was the INF treaty significant? |
– It was the first treaty to reduce the number of nuclear missiles that the superpowers possessed (It therefore went much further than SALT 1that simple limited the growth of Russian and American nuclear stockpiles) -during the next four years, the two sides of destroyed hundreds of missiles and strict procedures are put in place to task inspectors to ensure the treaty was followed. It was a great success |
|
Why was the INF treaty significant? |
– It was the first treaty to reduce the number of nuclear missiles that the superpowers possessed (It therefore went much further than SALT 1that simple limited the growth of Russian and American nuclear stockpiles) -during the next four years, the two sides of destroyed hundreds of missiles and strict procedures are put in place to task inspectors to ensure the treaty was followed. It was a great success. |
|
Why did Gorbachev sign the INF treaty? |
• Gorbachev came to see that nuclear weapons were highly expensive but added nothing to Soviet security. • Reagan persuaded Gorbachev that the USA had no intention of invading the USSR. Gorbachev realised that the Soviet economy could never recover as long as it was spending so much money on nuclear weapons. • Gorbachev believed that disarmament would win him popularity in the West and that this would allow him to make profitable trade deals between the USSR and the West. • Gorbachev believed that political and economic measures would be more effective in guaranteeing Russia's security than military strength. • |
|
Why did Gorbachev sign the INF treaty? |
• Gorbachev came to see that nuclear weapons were highly expensive but added nothing to Soviet security. • Reagan persuaded Gorbachev that the USA had no intention of invading the USSR. Gorbachev realised that the Soviet economy could never recover as long as it was spending so much money on nuclear weapons. • Gorbachev believed that disarmament would win him popularity in the West and that this would allow him to make profitable trade deals between the USSR and the West. • Gorbachev believed that political and economic measures would be more effective in guaranteeing Russia's security than military strength. |
|
Why was it odd that Gorbachev might sign the INF treaty? |
Gorbachev had refused to agreeto an'arms treaty in Reykjavik because Reagan refused to drop his plans for SDL'Nonetheless, a year later he signed the INF Treaty in spite of the fact that Reagan was still committed to SDI. |
|
Why was it odd that Gorbachev might sign the INF treaty? |
Gorbachev had refused to agree to an arms treaty in Reykjavik because Reagan refused to drop his plans for SDL'Nonetheless, a year later he signed the INF Treaty in spite of the fact that Reagan was still committed to SDI. |
|
Why was it odd that Gorbachev might sign the INF treaty? |
Gorbachev had refused to agree to an arms treaty in Reykjavik because Reagan refused to drop his plans for SDL'Nonetheless, a year later he signed the INF Treaty in spite of the fact that Reagan was still committed to SDI. |
|
When was the two summit conferences and who was part of them? |
– 1988 Moscow ,Ronald Reagan ,Gorbachev -1989 Malta summit George Bush ,Gorbachev |
|
What happens during the first Moscow Summit conference? It's okay |
In 1988, Ronald Reagan went to Moscow for the first time for a Summit conference. They agrees to work towards disarmament of both nuclear and conventional arms.The summit fixed no targets, but it eased the tension is created by Afghanistan and opened the way to the agreements that took place after Reagan left the presidency. |
|
What happens during the first Moscow Summit conference? It's okay |
In 1988, Ronald Reagan went to Moscow for the first time for a Summit conference. They agrees to work towards disarmament of both nuclear and conventional arms.The summit fixed no targets, but it eased the tension is created by Afghanistan and opened the way to the agreements that took place after Reagan left the presidency. |
|
What was the Malta summit of 1989? |
JThe Malta Summit, 1989 The summit was a meeting between US President George Bush , Gorbachev. This meeting began work on the agreements that were to be CFE (1990) and START I (1991) |
|
What was the Malta summit of 1989? |
The Malta Summit, 1989 The summit was a meeting between US President George Bush , Gorbachev. This meeting began work on the agreements that were to be CFE (1990) and START I (1991) |
|
What was the Malta summit of 1989? |
The Malta Summit, 1989 The summit was a meeting between US President George Bush , Gorbachev. This meeting began work on the agreements that were to be CFE (1990) and START I (1991) |
|
What was the CFE agreement 1990? |
The CFE Agreement, 1990 This agreement, signed by Bush and Gorbachev, set limits to the non-nuclear forces that the Warsaw Pact and NATO could have in Europe. Negotiations for this began in 1989 and the process was made difficult because the USSR was beginning to/break up at the time. This meant that, for example, Hungary was part of the Warsaw Pact when negotiations began, but had left by the time the Treaty was ready to be signed. |
|
What was the Malta summit of 1989? |
The Malta Summit, 1989 The summit was a meeting between US President George Bush , Gorbachev. This meeting began work on the agreements that were to be CFE (1990) and START I (1991) |
|
What was the CFE agreement 1990? |
The CFE Agreement, 1990 This agreement, signed by Bush and Gorbachev, set limits to the non-nuclear forces that the Warsaw Pact and NATO could have in Europe. Negotiations for this began in 1989 and the process was made difficult because the USSR was beginning to/break up at the time. This meant that, for example, Hungary was part of the Warsaw Pact when negotiations began, but had left by the time the Treaty was ready to be signed. |
|
What was START I (1991)? |
Signed by Bush and Gorbachev, with pens made from scrapped nuclear missiles, this set limits to the numbers of nuclear weapons. Both sides agreed to reduce their holdings of nuclear warheads by about a third, by destroying them. It also agreed that both sides would continue to reduce. It did not'agree on all kinds of nuclear weapons (the agreement did not cover some nuclear submarines or space weapons), but covered most of them. |
|
Summarise Gorbachev's attitude to Eastern Europe in three points |
In December 1988, he announced that ideology should play a smaller role in Soviet foreign affairs. In practice, this meant that the USSR would no longer favour trade with communist states over trade with capitalist countries. Gorbachev was keen for Eastern European states to enjoy perestroika and glasnost. Gorbachev withdrew Soviet troops from Eastern European bases in order to save money. |
|
Why was the break up of the Eastern Block not what Gorbachev had wanted? |
Gorbachev had never intended to weaken communist control of it in Europe. Once again, his desire was to strengthen Communism by reform. |
|
Why was the break up of the Eastern Block not what Gorbachev had wanted? |
Gorbachev had never intended to weaken communist control of it in Europe. Once again, his desire was to strengthen Communism by reform. |
|
How did the break up of the Eastern Block go beyond Gorbachev's control? |
Want to reform had started in the Eastern Block,he was unable to contain it. The Eastern Bloc had previously relied on the Soviet army to prop up their pro-Moscow regimes. There would not be another invasion of Hungary or Czechoslovakia, so the Eastern European governments were weakened. ^ |
|
How did the break up of the Eastern Block go beyond Gorbachev's control? |
Want to reform had started in the Eastern Block,he was unable to contain it. The Eastern Bloc had previously relied on the Soviet army to prop up their pro-Moscow regimes. There would not be another invasion of Hungary or Czechoslovakia, so the Eastern European governments were weakened. |
|
Why was East Germany slow to embrace perestroika and glasnost? |
East Germany was slow to embrace perestroi'ka and glasnost Indeed, the East German government even banned Russian publications during the 1980s because they were too liberal. |
|
Why was East Germany slow to embrace perestroika and glasnost? |
East Germany was slow to embrace perestroi'ka and glasnost Indeed, the East German government even banned Russian publications during the 1980s because they were too liberal. |
|
What was the east German government unable to contain which stop them from being able to prevent revolution? |
However, the communist government was unable to contain its citizens' desire for freedom once neighbouring states had abandoned communism. |
|
What happened as soon as democratic elections were announced in Hungary in terms of revolution in East Germany? |
As soon as democratic elections were announced in Hungary there was a mass movement of East German citizens through Hungary to West Germany. As a result. the East German government was forced to announce much greater freedom of travel for East German citizens. As part of this decision, on 9 November the East German government announced that East Germans would be allowed to cross the border with West Berlin. |
|
How did the east German people react to the east German government announcement? |
On hearing this news, thousands of East Berliners flooded the checkpoints in the wall, demanding entry into West Berlin. The border guards let them pass - the Berlin Wall had fallen. Many people started to chip away and dismantle parts of the wall, and ten new border crossings were created by the East German government in the following days. Many people were reunited with friends and relatives thay had been separated from since the wall had been built 30 years before. The opening of the Berlin Wall was the first step towards the reunification of Germany. |
|
How did the Warsaw Pact end? |
The end of the Warsaw Pact As the Eastern Bloc disintegrated, it became obvious that the Warsaw Pact could not survive. The Pact was an alliance that united the communist states of Eastern Europe against the capitalist states in the West. However, as first Poland, then Hungary and finally East Germany all rejected communism, the Pact no longer served any purpose. Military co-operation ceased in early 1990 and the Warsaw Pact was formally dissolved in July 1991. |
|
How is Gorbachev looked upon in Russia? |
Gorbachev was treated with suspicion and cynicism. Leading members of the Communist Party believe that perestroika and glasnost had a weakened communism rather than reviving it. |
|
How was Gorbachev seen by the west? |
Gorbachev was the darling of the west and was well respected due to his willingness to reform and the fact that his policies had led to the breakup of Eastern Europe |
|
How was Gorbachev seen by the west? |
Gorbachev was the darling of the west and was well respected due to his willingness to reform and the fact that his policies had led to the breakup of Eastern Europe. |
|
What happened on 19 August 1991? |
A group of senior call me as government officials known as the "Gang of eight" – organised to which removed Gorbachev from power. |
|
What happened on 19 August 1991? |
A group of senior call me as government officials known as the "Gang of eight" – organised to which removed Gorbachev from power. |
|
How did the "Gang of eight"'s coup fair? |
Initially the coup was successful. Gorbachev, was away from the capital at the time and was prevented from returning to Moscow. |
|
What happened on 19 August 1991? |
A group of senior call me as government officials known as the "Gang of eight" – organised to which removed Gorbachev from power. |
|
How did the "Gang of eight"'s coup fair? |
Initially the coup was successful. Gorbachev, was away from the capital at the time and was prevented from returning to Moscow. |
|
What did the new government to declare once they successfully kept Gorbachev from getting to Moscow? |
The new government declared a state of emergency which overturned the freedom gained during perestroika and glasnost. |
|
What happened on 19 August 1991? |
A group of senior call me as government officials known as the "Gang of eight" – organised to which removed Gorbachev from power. |
|
How did the "Gang of eight"'s coup fair? |
Initially the coup was successful. Gorbachev, was away from the capital at the time and was prevented from returning to Moscow. |
|
What did the new government to declare once they successfully kept Gorbachev from getting to Moscow? |
The new government declared a state of emergency which overturned the freedom gained during perestroika and glasnost. |
|
What was the name of the new government? ("Gang of eight") |
The new government's goal was to restore the power of the Soviet union and secure the future of the Communist government.
|
|
How long did the new government last ("gang of eight") |
The new government lasted for three days. Boris Yeltsin, the future president of Russia, played a crucial role in defeating the coup. Yeltsin described the new government as "illegal" and called on the people of Moscow to resist the new regime. |
|
In the end how did Gorbachev try to save the Soviet Union? |
The end of the Warsaw Pact As the Eastern Bloc disintegrated, it became obvious that the Warsaw Pact could not survive. The Pact was an alliance that united the communist states of Eastern Europe against the capitalist states in the West. However, as first Poland, then Hungary and finally East Germany all rejected communism, the Pact no longer served any purpose. Military co-operation ceased in early 1990 and the Warsaw Pact was formally dissolved in July 1991. |
|
When did the Soviet union officially collapse? |
December 1991 |
|
When did the Soviet union officially collapse? |
December 1991 |
|
When did the Baltic states declared themselves independent? |
1990 this was accepted by the USSR. Leading to copycat demands all across the Soviet union. |