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53 Cards in this Set

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1. Before the Cold War, what was the situation of America and Russia?

They had actually been on the same side and worked together

2. What was formed in 1941?

The Grand Alliance was formed, with America and Russia being two of the key members.

3. Why was the alliance designed?

It was designed to defeat the Nazis but this alliance was a marriage of convenience between the communists (USSR) and the capitalists (USA) as they were only united in their goal to stop Hitler.

4. What happened once Hitler was defeated in 1945?

The alliance became increasingly uneasy.

5. What happened between 1943 to 1945?

The Grand Alliance met at three international conferences.

6. When was the Tehran Conference?

28th November - 1st December 1943

7. What was it designed to do?

It was designed to make plans for the eventual reconstruction of Europe when the war was over.

8. Who was apart of the big three?

President Franklin D Roosevelt of USA


Prime Minister Churchill of Britain


Russian Leader Joseph Stalin

9. What did the Big Three all agree at the Tehran conference?

That when this happened the USSR should have a 'sphere of influence' in Eastern Europe

10. What did the 'sphere of influence' mean?

It simply meant an area in which communism was respected and the USSR held influence.

11. What would this guarantee?

That the USSR would not be threatened in any way by any of the countries surrounding it.

12. Equally, what else was agreed?

That Western Europe become a British and American 'sphere of influence' where capitalism would be dominant.

13. What didn't the Big Three decide on?

They did not agree on Germany's future.

14. What did Stalin want to do to Germany?

He thought they should be punished for starting the Second World War and he argued for Germany to give up territory and pay reparations.

15. What did this mean?

It meant that Germany would never be a threat to the Soviet Union again.

16. What did Roosevelt and Churchill feel should happen to Germany?

It should be rebuilt. They believed that one of the root causes of the Second World War had been the economic problems Germany had to endure as a result of harsh treatment at the end of WW1.

17. What else did Roosevelt and Churchill argue?

That for Europe to remain peaceful, they shouldn't make the same mistakes again and that Europe therefore needed a prosperous Germany.

18. What were the 6 decisions reached at Tehran?

1. It was agreed that Britain and the USA would open up a second front by invading France in May 1944. The code name given to this invasion was Operation Overlord. There would be an operation against Nazi occupied southern France.


2. The Soviet Union would simultaneously mount an offensive in the East against Germany.

19. What were the 6 decisions reached at Tehran?

3. The Soviet Union would declare war on Japan once Germany was defeated


4. A United Nations organisation was to be set up after the war


5. Stalin was promised the lands that the SU had lost to Poland in 1920 and as a result of this Poland's borders with Germany would move to the rivers Oder and Neisse.


6. There were provisional discussions about splitting up Germany after the war but no firm decisions were made.

20. When was the Yalta Conference?

4th February - 11th February 1945

21. What did this conference mark?

A high point in relations between the Grand Alliance.

22. What 11 decisions were made at the Yalta Conference?

1. Stalin agreed to using Russian troops to help America defeat Japan (an ally of Germany) once Hitler had been defeated. 2. Roosevelt & Churchill agreed to allowing a communist government be set up in Poland. 3. The 'Declaration on Liberated Europe' committed the USSR, American and Britain to work together for democracy in Europe. 4. The allies agreed to set up another international organisation, this time known as the United Nations. It was to be committed to maintaining peace.

23. What 11 decisions were made at the Yalta Conference?

5. The big three restated their original agreement to allow the USSR to have a 'sphere of influence' in Eastern Europe at the end of the war. 6. The allies eventually decided that in the future Germany would be divided into four zones: each one would be occupied by one of the four allies. But the division did not take place yet. Stalin agreed to accept France as one of the powers - this was after much persuasion by Churchill. It was also decided that later Berlin would be also be divided into four sectors.

24. What 11 decisions were made at the Yalta Conference?

7. It was agreed that Nazi war criminals would be tired in an international court of justice. 8. However, no agreement could be reached about reparations. Stalin was keen to cripple Germany's so that it could never become a military power and Churchill did not want any punishment to bee serves - as had happened in the peace settlement of 191. However, a figure of 20$ billion dollars was put forward.

25. What 11 decisions were made at the Yalta Conference?

9. Stalin saw the acquisition of land in Poland as creating his buffer zone. He did agree that some members of the Polish government in exile would be allowed to join the Polish government that he had set up. Free elections would be held. 10. The other key decisions taken at Yalta clearly indicated the rising tensions and the way in which Stalin sought to increase the power and influence of the Soviet Union. He promised to allow free elections in the countries of Eastern Europe which had been occupied by the Soviet army.

26. What 11 decisions were made at the Yalta Conference?

10. However, he had no intention of doing so and hoped to secure control of large areas of land. Roosevelt was happy to put up with Stalin's actions and accept his claims because it was clear at this time that the war against Japan could go on for against Japan could go on for some time. Both USA and UK needed the assistance of Soviet intervention. Stalin saw an attack against Japan as another way of acquiring more territory.

27. What 11 decisions were made at the Yalta Conference?

11. The big three agreed that another conference, to be held in San Fran in April of 1945, would formulate plans for a new world body - to be called the United Nations. Its aim would be to promote and keep peace. Roosevelt saw Stalin's acceptance of this body as crucial and thought that this was a successful outcome of Yalta. It should also be noted that by the time of the Yalta Conference, Britain was clearly the third ally and some way behind the other two in t

28. What did Stalin believe 'democracy' meant?

Stalin believed democracy government had to be a communist government as only communists truly represented and stood for the working people.

29. What did Roosevelt believe it meant?

Meant having a number of political parties competing to win peoples support in free and open elections.

30. What was the success of the Yalta conference based on?

Stalin's relationship with the American President, Roosevelt. However, within two months of the conference ending President Roosevelt would be dead.

31. The new president was who? What was he less willing to do?

Harry S Truman, to comprise with Stalin and this would lead to further tensions at the final Alliance conference.

32. When was the final meeting of the Grand Alliance?

Potsdam Conference, 1945

33. What issue did they address?

The government of Europe following the collapse of Germany

34. When did Roosevelt die?

12th April 1945

35. What did the USA develop by July?

The atomic bomb, which meant Truman no longer needed to rely upon the SU in the war against Japan.

36. Who was Churchill replaced by during the conference.

Clement Attlee, who had become Britain's new prime minister following the July general election.

37. Before he was replaced the big issue, according to Churchill, was what to do with Germany - this continued to be big issue after he had gone, but the alliance finally agreed what?

1. to ban the Nazi party


2. to dissolve the Nazi party


3. to remove known Nazis from important position


4. to put leading Nazis on trial for war crimes. These trials were held in Nuremberg during 1946.

38. What else did they agree?

1. Germany should be reduced by about a quarter of its size.


2. There would be free elections in Germany, freedom of speech and a free pass


3. German living in Eastern Europe would be transferred into Germany.

39. What did Stalin want ideally?

The permanent partition of Germany, but Britain and the USA were able to resist this.

40. What did they agree about Germany?

It should immediately be temporarily divided into four zones, allocated to Britain, France, America and the USSR. Germany was divided into 4 zones. Each zones would be occupied by one of the four allies, GB, France, USA and USSR.

41. What was to happen to Berlin?

It would be divided into four sectors. Germany was to be de-militarised. All German naval and merchant ships were to be given to the Allies.

42. What did the USSR want to do about reparations?

The USSR wanted Germany to pay extremely large reparations whilst America wanted Germany to be rebuilt.

43. What compromise was reached?

That each ally would take reparations from the sector of Germany which it was in control of.

44. Why was this less than Stalin wanted?

Stalin had the part of Germany that the USSR controlled was poorer than that of the Western Allies and had considerably less industry.

45. What did the Western allies agree?

The USSR could have a quarter of industrial equipment from the Western zones but that this would have to be paid for with East German raw materials such as coal.

46. What was Trumans first move of becoming president?

To postpone the actual conference to allow American scientists longer to test their first atomic bomb.

47. As a consequence of the successful test in July 1945, what did Stalin notice?

A change in Truman and his attitude. He believed that Truman, knowing that America now possessed the ultimate weapon, could now tell Stalin what to do.

48. What did Truman believe about the atomic bomb?

It was the 'master card' in the Potsdam discussions as it gave America the power to destroy entire enemy cities without risking a single American life.

49. What did Stalin do when he heard about the bomb?

Stalin refused to be pushed around and Truman seemed to show no special interest in the bomb.

50. What did Stalin really know?

He was fully aware of the bomb and as the 1940's he had been instructing his own scientists to develop their own. News of Americans discovering the technology only made Stalin more determined to protect his own interest.

51. What was Stalin's ultimate plan?

To protect the USSR by creating a 'buffer zone' - a communist area in Eastern Europe between the USSR and the capitalist West.

52. What did Truman's arrogance and Stalin's determination prove?

Proved the USSR to be a rival to America soured the relationship of the Grand Alliance.

52. What further strain was put of the relationship when USSR took action in Poland?

Stalin agreed to establish a government in Poland that included both communists and capitalists. However, by the time Potsdam Conference there was a new show of unity, insiders could see the division between the USA and the USSR and were concerned that this might lead to a new war.