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222 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Assault
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The threat of bodily harm
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Battery
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causing bodily harm
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Slander
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Defamement
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Libel
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Defamement in Writing
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3 parts of negligence
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Duty to Act, Breach of that Duty, Injury caused by you
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Platinum 10
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EMT, PoPo, Fire
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Golden Hour
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EMT, PoPo, Fire, ER/Hospital
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Initial Assessment
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Scene Size Up, Life Threats, ABCDE
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ABCDE
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Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Decision, Environment/Expose
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Scene Size Up 5
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Safety, MOI, BSI, # Patients, General Impression
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Where does medicine happen?
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Skin Level
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MOI
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Mechanism of Injury
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BSI
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Body Substance Isolation
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Head to Toe Examination
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Head, Face, Neck, Shoulders, Chest, Abdomen, Pelvis, Genitals, Lower Extremities, Upper Extremities, Spine, and Buttocks
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A + O x 4
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Person, Place, Time, and events
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A + O x 3
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person, place, and time
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A + O x 2
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person and place
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A + O x 1
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person
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Early Changing Vitals
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LOR, HR, RR, SCTM
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Late Changing Vitals
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BP, Pupils, Temp
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Regular RR
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12-20 Breaths per min
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Regular Blood Pressur
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Systolic- 120 Diastolic- 80
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3 ways to Find BP
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Pulse, palpation, auscultation
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PEERL
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Pupils are Equally Round and Reactive to Light
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SAMPLE
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Symptoms, Allergies, Meds, Pertinitent Med History, Last Intake/Output, and Events leading to incident
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When to Stop CPR
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Danger, Success, Exhaustion, >30 min, definitive care, pronounced dead
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When not to start CPR
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Danger, Any S/S of life, Dependent Lividity, Rigor Mortis, Obvious lethal injury, well defined DNR
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Vertebrae above C4 controls what?
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Breathing
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S/S of Spine Injury
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Pain, Tenderness, Numbness, Paralysis, Incontinense, S/S of schock
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3 Treatment Principles of Spine Injuries
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Stabilize, Monitor, Evacuate
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How many vertebrae in the cervical region?
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7
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How many vertebrae in the Thoracic region?
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12
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How many vertebrae in the Lumbar region?
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5
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Spinal Cord is solid until which region?
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Lumbar
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#1 killer in backcountry is....
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Fatal Falls
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5 parts of the Subj part of Soap Note?
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Age, Sex, CC, MOI, LOR
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Vitals?
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Time, LOR, HR, RR, SCTM, pupils, BP, Temp
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Wilderness Med vs Urban Med
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Time, Environment, Limited Equipment/improv, Communication
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The first-aid kit that saves lives, prevents disability, and eases suffering is carried, for the most part, in the?
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human brain
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5 parts of the Patient Assessment System
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scene size up, initial assessment, focused exam and history, doc and rep event, monitor
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True or False: Even minor chaos increases the risk of injury to rescuers and bystanders and the risk of inadequate care for the patient?
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TRUE
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True or False: The law requires only that you provide the care that patients require and it protects those care providers who do their jobs well.
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TRUE
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Materials for BSI
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gloves, glasses, mask, rainwear
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Imhaling
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Inspiration
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exhaling
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expiration
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When the breathing process ceases?
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Respiratory Arrest
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Basic Anatomy of Airway
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nasopharynx, oropharynx, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus
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True or False: For an airway to be open, it must be open from the mouthand/or nose all the way down to the aveoli.
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TRUE
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What is the most common airway obstruction?
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Food
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What is the difference in abdominal thrusting an obese or pregnant pt?
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place hands on middle of sternum rather than below
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Different forms of resuce breathing
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M to M, M to N, M to Stoma
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Inhaled air contains how much oxygen?
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21%
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Exhaled air contains how much oxygen?
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16%
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How to prevent gastric distension?
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maintain airway, blow slowly, allow adequate time
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The cessation of heart musle activity
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Cardiac Arrest
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basic anatomy of heart
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Right and left atria (two upper chambers), right and left ventricles (two lower chambers), tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve
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All veins in the body carry what type of blood?
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Deoxygenated
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What is the only type of vein that doesn't pump deoxygenated blood?
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Pulmonary veins
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All arteries carry oxygenated blood except?
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pulmonary arteries
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veins carry blood in which direction pertaining to the heart?
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Toward
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how many minutes does it take for cardiac arrest to result in TBI?
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4-6 min
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the 3 steps to cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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LOR, Breathing, Circulation
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Complications caused by CPR?
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Rib Fracture, Bruised lungs, vomit, Gastric Distension
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True or False: injuries to the spine rank among the most intricate and potentially devastating problems in the wilderness?
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TRUE
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vertebrae that is most flexible and least protected and most prone to seroius injury
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Cervical
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Relatively rigid and secure vertebrae
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Thoracic
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large and strong vertebrae and highly susceptible to injury
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lumbar
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vertebrae fused together to form the sacrum where the spine is attached to the pelvic girdle
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sacral
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vertebrae fused together to form the coccyx
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coccygeal
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Vertebral Foramen
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spinal canal
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MOI of Spinal Injuries
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Flexion, Extension, compression, distraction, rotation, lateral bending, violent deceleration
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types of spinal cord injuries
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Uninterrupted spinal cord, partial spinal cord, full spinal cord
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Symptoms of Uninterrupted Spinal Cord injury
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no change in CSM
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Symptoms of Partial Spinal Cord Injury
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one or more changes in CSM
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Symptoms of full spinal cord injury
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obvious loss of CSM
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events that might cause spinal injury
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forceful stops, head first, rocks, head injury, penetration
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True of False: Treat all unconscious trauma pateints as if they have a spinal inury until it is proven otherwise.
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TRUE
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vital signs indicating shock
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lost control of blood in vessels, cool and pale
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S/S of spinal cord injury
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tenderness, diff breathing, shock, sensations, weakness, obv. injury, incontinence
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Treatment for Spinal Injury
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immobilize and transport
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True of False: patients suspected of having a spine injury should be rapidly evacuated from a remote environment with full immobilization.
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TRUE
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FOAM
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Free of Any Movement
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requirements for full spinal assessment
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A+O, sober, distracted, CSM, no back or neck pain
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S/S of Rib Fx
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Hurts to breathe, point to pain, crepitus, bruising, SOB, resp. distress, anatomical splinting
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Tx for Rib Fracture
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Sling and Swathe, pain meds, rest, deep breaths, monitor, evac
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S/S for Flail Chest
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Resp Distress, Significant MOI, Deformity, decreased LOR, S/S shock
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Tx for flail chest
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Rapid Evac, MOI for spine, bulky dressing
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True or False: You should lay a victim with flail chest on the affected side?
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TRUE
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Air in lung
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Pneumothorax
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Blood in Lung
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Hemothorax
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Blood and Air in lung
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Pneumohemothorax
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S/S of lung injury
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s/s of bone trauma, inc. SOB, Tripoding, pink frothy sputume, absent lung sounds, acc muscles, shock
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Tx for lung inury
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rapid evac, POC, O2, shock
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True or False: Lung gets smaller as Air/blood fills chest?
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TRUE
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Lung injury when blood and air collapse one lung.
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Tension Pheumothorax
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S/S of Tension Pneumothorax
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resp distress, shock, JVD, Tracheal Deviation
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Shock resulting from loss of blood
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Hypovolemic
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Shock resulting from Heart failure
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Cardiogenic
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Shock resulting from loss of vascular tone
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Vasogenic
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Stages of Shock
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Compensatory, Decompensatory, Irreversible
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LOR during shock
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anxious, restless, disoriented
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HR during shock
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Rapid, weak, thready
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RR during shock
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Rapid, shallow
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SCTM during shock
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PCC
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If a patient can hold a drink they can drink!
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Tx for Shock
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Treat cause, early, ft, warm, fluids, O2 Monitor
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True or False: Must supsect shock with any wilderness injury.
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TRUE
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How to monitor Orthostatic changes
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Take HR and Sys-stand up wait one min (30 diff)
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Types of Open Head Injuries
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Scalp Lac and Skull Fx
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Types of Closed Head Injuries
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Mild and Severe
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S/S Skull Fractures
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Depres in skull, fluid from ears and nose, racoon eyes
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Tx of Skull Fracture
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Clean and package, Mon Vitals, Evac
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S/S of Mild Head Injury
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Short Term Amnesia, Nausea, Headache, Dizziness
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Tx for Mild Head Injury
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Monitor
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True of False: There is loss of LOR in mild head injury
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FALSE
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LOR of Serious Head Injury
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Dioriented, irritable, combative
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HR of Serious Head Injury
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Decrease and Bounding
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RR of Serious Head Injury
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Hypervent, increased, irregular
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SCTM of Serious Head injury
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Warm and flushed
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BP of Serious Head Injury
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Icreased and larger gap be/ syst and diastolic
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Tx for Serious Head Injury
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Manage Airway, Immobilize Spine, Evac
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Motion sickness includes what three senses?
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visual, vestibular, and nerve messages
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blood is made up of what 4 aspects?
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red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma
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The average adult male has how many liters of blood in their system at any one time?
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5 or 6
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bleeding from a wound
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hemorrhage
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slow oozing bleeding from the small vessels and usually bright red in color?
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Capillary Bleeding
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Steading flowing bleeding from larger vessels?
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Venous Bleeding
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High pressure, rapid bleeding?
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Arterial bleeding
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True or False: Most capillary and small venous hemorrhagin will form a clot and stop bleeding without assistance?
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TRUE
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The most immediate concern is not how much blood has been lost but ____________?
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how fast
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The arrest of blood is known as?
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hemostasis
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True or False: Tourniquets are rarely needed outside of combat situation?
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TRUE
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When the body senses a drop in BP it does what?
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initiates a series of coping mechanisms
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Deficiency of Oxygen?
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Hypoxia
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The constant bathing of cells with oxygenated blood under pressure?
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Perfusion
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Inadequate perfusiong leads to?
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Shock
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True or False: The cardiovascular system is really two circulatory systems joined at the heart?
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TRUE
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The right side of the heart pumps blood where?
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to and from the lungs
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The left side of the heart pushes oxygen-rich blood where?
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to all the other parts of the body
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The circulatory system's main three components are?
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heart, blood, vessels
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True or False: All shock results from a failure of one or more of the major components of the cardiovascular system?
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TRUE
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Low resistance shock stemming from infection?
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Septic Shock
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Shock caused by oversensitivity to an allergen?
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Anaphylactic Shock
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What is the first and primary indicator of shock?
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the activity of the heart
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Cerebrum
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The gray matter at the center of higher functions
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Cerebellum
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the back of the head in which equillibrium and balance are controlled
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Brain Stem
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base of the brain that controls most vegetative functions
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The most important sign indicating the possibility of brain damage is?
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a change in the pt's LOR
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In the event of scalp damage, should one shave the hair obstructing the injury?
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No
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Two factors that help decide how severe head trauma is?
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duration and depth of unconsciousness
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Normal pressure inside the skull
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intracranial pressure
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swelling of the brain
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cerebral edema
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Triad of changes indicating a rise in ICP?
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Erratic RR, Dec/bounding HR, Inc. BP
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Two important signs that indicate the poss of a serious chest injury?
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changes in RR and Resp effort
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S/S of musculoskeletal Injuries
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swelling, bruising, pain, decreased ROM, Tendernes, decreased CSM, crepitus
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Function of Muscle
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Movement
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Function of Tendon
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Bone to Muscle
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Funtion of Ligament
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Bone to Bone
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Function of Cartlidge
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padding
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Function of Bone
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structure
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Assessment for Musculoskeletal Injuries
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LAF
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Rice
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Rest, Ice, Compress, Elevate
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Check for Useability
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passive and active ROM and weight bearing
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three step short term care for wound management
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stop bleeding, prevent infection, promote healing
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S/S of mild infection
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redness, warm, swelling, tenderness, exudate
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S/S of severe infection
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Hot, increased redness, red streaking, fever, lymph nodes, colored pus
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Tx for infection
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reclean, tylenol, pack open, antibiotics, hot soaks
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True or False: Rapid evacs occur with greater than 10% of TBSA burnt?
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TRUE
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Burns Caused by heat
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Thermal
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Burns caused by a strong corrrosive which can damage the skin or produce heat?
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Chemical
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Burns cause by the resistance to electrical current gflowing through tissue
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Electrical
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Burns caused by ultraviolet light or alpha, beta, or gamme ray radiation
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Radiation
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Tx Principes for Burn
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Safety, ABCDE, Assess severity, Dress, meds, monitor
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Two types of burn evals
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palmer surface and the nines
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Superficial burns
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only top layer, red, warm, tender, painful
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Partial Thickness Burns
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blisters, wet, gooey, painful
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Full Thickness Burns
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Dry/Leathery, charred or pale, no blisters, no pain
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TBSA
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Total Body Surface Area
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what is the single most important factor related to a wilderness injury?
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the pt's ability to use the injured part
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general management of athletic injuries
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laf, useability, H-RICE, useability
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what is the most common athletic injury?
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strains
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What three bones is the knee comprised of?
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femur, tibia, patella
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MCL
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Medial Collateral Ligament, inside of leg
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LCL
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Lateral Collateral Ligament, outside of leg
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ACL
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Anterior Cruciate Ligament, back of knee
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PCS
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Posterior Cruciate Ligament, front of knee
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What three bones is the shoulder comprised of?
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humerus, scapula, clavicle
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True or False: Shoulders are very stable?
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FALSE
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Prevention of Athletic Injuries
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Weak Muscles, Weight, Shoes, Balance, prev injury, carelessness
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what is the musculoskeletal system comprised of?
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bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments
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S/S of fracture?
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specific pain, swelling, bruising, deformity, tender, sounds, CSM
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Principles for splinting
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CSM, POF splint, padding, rigid, immobilize, CSM
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Two signals to stop reduction?
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needed force and increased pain
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True or False: The reduction of the jaw, kneecaps, fingers, toes, and shoulders are relatively simple procedures with a high rate of success/
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TRUE
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S/S of dislocation
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pain, ROM, Deformity, CSM
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wounds and their complications account for approximatelyhow much of all wildernessmedical probelms
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3-Jan
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A wound in which one or more layers of skin is partially or completely scraped away.
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Abrasion
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A cut through the skin.
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Lac
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A partial amputation that leave a "flap" of body tissue attached by skin, muscle, or tendon.
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Avulsion
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A complete separation of a body part.
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Amputation
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A wound that occurs when an object penetrates the body.
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Puncture
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a puncture wound with the punturing object still stuck in.
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Impailment
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Three effective methods of cleaning wounds.
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irrrigate, scrube, debriding
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True or False: Wound irrigation is the single most important factor in preventing infection.
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TRUE
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Four classifications of pathogens
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viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites
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A pathogen that Cannot exist for long outside of living tissue and must penetrate human cell walls to multiply and cause disease
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virus
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a pathogen that grows independntly without neeed fora host cell
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bacteria
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Pathogens that are primitive life forms that feed on living plants, decayig organic matter,and animal tissue.
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Fungi
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Pathogens that cause disease in humans.
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Parasites
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What is the single most important method of preventing the spread of disease?
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washing hands
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