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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Immune & lymphatic system |
Protect the body from pathogens that produce disease by creating barriers, powerful chemicals and cells to stimulate inflammatory response. Combined effort of lymphatic & immune systems are required to protect from pathogens |
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4 functions of lymphatic system |
-Recycling fluids lost from cardiovascular system - Transporting pathogens to lymph nodes where they can be destroyed - Storage and maturation of some white cells - Absorption of glycerol and fatty acids from food |
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Lymphatic vessels |
Transport excessive tissue fluid (lymph) from interstitial spaces throughout the body back to the blood stream by emptying into either the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct |
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Lymph organs |
Collections of lymphatic tissue located outside the lymph circulation - Tonsils: structures in the throat - Spleen: spongy organ in the upper left quadrant of abdomen - Thymus: soft organ located between aortic arch and sternum |
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Innate immunity |
The body’s inborn ability to fight infection. It recognises invaders as foreign but cannot identify specifically, thus unable to remember a previous invader |
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Adaptive or acquired immunity |
Targets specific invaders, spares healthy tissue and remembers previous invaders. It allows the body to prepare for future invasion and improves the protective responses. The process involves immunisation (can be natural or done artificially) |
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Components of immune system |
Barriers- skin, mucous membranes, chemicals Cells: second line defence against pathogens that bypass barriers. White blood cells (WBC) eg. leukocytes originate in bone marrow but also defend body against invaders when needed. Chemicals: cytokines (small proteins produced by damaged tissue and WBC) stimulate an immune response by increasing inflammation, stimulating WBC. Inflammation: Antibodies |
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Antigens |
Molecules on outer surface of the cells that identify whether a cell is an invader. Each living thing has unique cell surface antigens to allow immune system to identify invaders |
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Antibodies |
Proteins produced by the body during invasion which bind to foreign antigens, eventually destroying them. |
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Naturally acquired immunity |
Active immunity: antibodies are actively produced by the body Eg. Person forms antibodies after contact with pathogen (long lived immunity) Passive immunity: antibodies that are introduced into the body from an outside source Eg. Antibodies pass from mother to foetus via placenta or to infant in breastmilk (short lived immunity) |
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Artificially acquired immunity |
Active: Eg. Vaccine- dead pathogens are injected. Individual forms antibodies (long lived immunity) Passive: Eg. Injection of immune serum. Antibodies received (short lived immunity) |
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Disorders of lymphatic system |
Glandular fever, tonsillitis, Crohn’s disease |
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4 types of microorganism diseases |
Bacteria: single celled organism, prokaryotic. Viruses: made of protein coat enclosing DNA or RNA. Can only live in the cells of other organisms and identified by electron microscope Eg. HIV, common cold & glandular fever. Fungi: multicellular, eukaryotic organism that feed on dead/decaying material Eg. Tinea, candida Protozoa: eurkaryotic organism that can be either single or multicellular Eg. Amoebas & flagella |
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Amoebas |
Single celled Protozoa. It moves by extending a fluid part of the cell. Found in fresh & salt water. Can cause dysentery (subtropical countries, result in abdominal pain, severe diarrhoea with mucus or blood) |
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Ciliates |
Short hair like structures that assist in movement Eg. Balantidium coli- found in pig colon, causes dysentery |
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Flagellates (flagella) |
Long hair like structures that also assist in movement. Can cause African sleeping sickness |
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Sporozoans |
Immobile parasites that’s re transmitted from host to host via insects Eg. Mosquito transfers malaria |
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Acquisition of infections |
Endogenous- self infected Exogenous- from outside Nosocomial- hospital acquired infection |
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Routes of entry |
Inhalation: common cold, tuberculosis Ingestion: salmonellosis Inoculation: staphylococcus epidermis, African sleeping sickness, HIV Congenital transmission- syphilis, rubella |
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Methods of transmission |
-Airborne -Contaminated food & water- Listeria -Contact * Direct- staphylococcus epidermis * Indirect- crockery, cutlery, bed linen, soap (fomites) - Insect vectors |
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Prevention of infection |
Cleaning: physical removal of dirt, blood and sputum that may allow growth of an organism. Disinfection: process that renders an object non-infective. Some organisms may be present, but numbers are greatly reduced. Spores remain. Sterilisation: destruction of all living organisms, including spores. |
