Immunology Week 2

Front 1

List Innate immune system cells

Back 1

1) mechanical, chemical and microbiological barriers
2) phagocytic leukocytes,
3) dendritic cells,
4) a special type of lymphocyte called a natural killer (NK) cell, and
5) circulating plasma proteins. (Complement system)

Front 2

List adaptive immune system cells

Back 2

Native B cells, antibodies
Native T cells, effector T cells

Front 3

List the Immunological cells in blood

Back 3

Neutrophil
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

Front 4

Describe neutrophil

Back 4

Front 5

Describe eosinophil

Back 5

Front 6

Describe basophils

Back 6

Front 7

What are the three types of lymphocytes?

Back 7

B cell
T cell
NK cell

Front 8

Which lymphocyte is in the innate immune system>

Back 8

NK cell

Front 9

Describe lymphocytes

Back 9

Front 10

Describe NK cells

Back 10

- innate immunity
- no Ag specific receptors
- large
- granules

Front 11

Describe B cells

Back 11

Front 12

Describe T cells

Back 12

Front 13

which lymphocytes deal with extracellular pathogens and intracellular pathogens?

Back 13

T cells --> intracellular pathogens
B cells --> extracellular pathogens

Front 14

What are the two classes of T cells?

Back 14

CD4+ and CD8+

Front 15

Define leucocytosis

Back 15

increase in WBCs stimulated by release of inducing factors from injured cells

Front 16

How does leucocytosis occur?

Back 16

induction factors are released by injured cells, often due to an inflammatory response

Front 17

What is margination?

Back 17

Phagocytes which adhere to the endothelial wall which attach to cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) from injured cells

Front 18

Define Diapedesis

Back 18

the process of extravasion of phagocytes through capillary wall

Front 19

Define chemotaxis

Back 19

attraction and movement to site of injury

Front 20

Explain neutrophil migration

Back 20

-chemokines which activate local endothelial cells
- CAMs E selectin and ICAM-1
- E selectin bind with a S-Le ligand on the neutrophil
-'rolling adhesion'
- allows ICAM-1 to bind to LFA-1
- cytokines solidify the binding through IL-8 receptor
- moves through endothelial cells called 'diapedesis'
- migration occurs through chemotaxis from injures site

Front 21

Describe phagocytosis

Back 21

1. active process where an immune cell envelopes a pathogen to create a phagosome,
2. Phagosome merges with lysosome
3. Phagolysosome
4. Lysosomal enzymes digest and destroy
5. Contents removes via exocytosis

Front 22

Describe degranulation

Back 22

Release of granule contents and activity of nonoxidative and oxidative anti-microbial strategies

Front 23

Describe NETosis

Back 23

Neutrophils have found that they can cast a net mesh of DNA extrudes which to trap microorganisms

Front 24

What are the 3 immunological cells in tissues?

Back 24

- Macrophages
- Mast cells
- Dendritic cells

Front 25

What roles do macrophages perform?

Back 25

Front 26

What is a mast cell and what roles does it perform?

Back 26

degranulation
parasitic worms
allergies
protects surfaces
histamine release which increases vasocactivity and induces inflammation

Front 27

What are dendritic cells?

Back 27

Phagocytic cell with finger like processes which perform phagocytosis, macropinocytosis and present antigens to ,and activate, T cells.

Front 28

What are the four types of dendritic cells?

Back 28

CLFP
Classical
Langerhans cells
Follicular dendritic
plasmacytoid cells

Front 29

Describe Classical dendritic cells

Back 29

- both lymphoid and non lymphoid tissue
- phagocytosis and pinocytosis
- APC to T cells
- induce immune response to non self Ag
- enforce tolerance to self cells

Front 30

Describe Langerhans cells

Back 30

- dendritic cells
- skin
- if has an Ag will present at lymph node
- APC activity

Front 31

Describe Plasmacytoid cells

Back 31

- production of interfeurons
- distinct lineage from classical dendritic cells
- do not really activate naive T cells
- weaker expression of MHC molecules

Front 32

Describe Follicular dendritic cells

Back 32

- no MHC II
- B cells
- no blood

Front 33

Identify immunological tissue

Back 33

Primary: Bone Marrow & Thymus

Secondary: Lymph nodes, spleen, Malt, bone marrow

Front 34

What are the four types of MALT

Back 34

Tonsils
Bronchus
Lymphoid nodues
Peyer's patches

Front 35

Describe the Thymus

Back 35

primary immunological tissue
involutes with age
matures T cells
mediastinum location
training of self and non self

Front 36

Describe the lymphatic system

Back 36

vessels drain lymph from tissues

Front 37

Describe Spleen

Back 37

Front 38

What does the red pulp in the spleen perform?

Back 38

Front 39

What does the white pulp in the spleen perform?
- zones
- follicles
- function

Back 39

Front 40

Describe location of MALT

Back 40

Front 41

Describe lymph nodes

Back 41

Germinal follicles : B cells --> Plasma cells --> Ab
Medullary sinus: macrophages
Paracortex: T cells

Front 42

Describe the initial immune response

Back 42

- macrophage recognises PAMP
- recognised through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) or through TLRs (toll like receptors)

Front 43

What can eventuate from the initial immune response?

Back 43

1. Phagocytosis
2. Initiation of inflammatory response
3. Secretion of cytokines
3. Complement initiation
4. Adaptive immune response

Front 44

What are the interleukons released? (cytokines)

Back 44

IL-1β
IL-6
TNF-α

Front 45

Define cytokines

Back 45

Cytokines: small soluble proteins secreted by one cell that can affect the behaviour or properties of itself or another cell.
• Usually (but not always) given Interleukin number (IL-)

Front 46

Define Antigen

Back 46

Front 47

Define immunogen

Back 47

Any substance that can elicit an immune response

Front 48

Define hapten

Back 48

a small molecule that can only elicit an immune response when bound to a larger carrier molecule

Front 49

What are the 7 factors that influence the immunogenicity of proteins?

Back 49

1. size
2. dose
3. route
3. composition
4. form
5. similarity to self
6. adjuvants

Front 50

Rank the route of an protein from its most immunogenic to least immunogenic

Back 50

1. subcutaneous
2. intrapetrioneal
3. intravenous
4. intragastic

Front 51

What form is most immunogenic for a protein

Back 51

particulate and denatured

Front 52

What is the least immunogenic form for an immunogen?

Back 52

soluble and native protein arrangement

Front 53

Define epitope

Back 53

Also known as an antigenic determinant, is the discrete site on an Ag where an Ab or an Ag receptor recognises the Ag.

OR

That part of an antigen which combines with an antibody or TCR

Front 54

What are the types of epitopes?

Back 54

Front 55

Describe linear epitopes

Back 55

• A single segment of polypeptide
chain
• Doesn’t require folding for
recognition
• T cells can recognise linear epitopes

Front 56

Describe discontinuous epiope

Back 56

• Amino acids from different parts of
the polypeptide chain are brought
together with protein folding
• Recognised by antibodies when in
their folded conformational shape

Front 57

How does the body recognise non-self?

Back 57

The body’s own cells express molecules to which a healthy immune system shows tolerance.

Recognition of non-self antigens triggers immune response.