Vocal Pedagogy Anatomy Test

Front 1

Succinctly explain, in a way that would make sense to one of your students, the process of vocal fold abduction/adduction with specific reference to the opener/closer muscles involved.

Back 1

The LCA (lateral cricoarytenoid) and IA (interarytenoid) closes the vocal folds, while the PCA (posterior cricoarytenoid) open them.

Front 2

Succienctly explain, again in a way that would make sense to one of your students, how voices change pitch with specific reference to the lengthener/shortener muscles invovled.

Back 2

As the TA (thyroarytenoid) shortens the vocal folds, the pitch goes down.

As the CT (cricorthyroid) lengthens the vocal folds, the pitch goes up.

Front 3

What is the "opener" muscle of the vocal folds?

Back 3

PCA (posterior cricoarytenoids)

Front 4

What are the "closer" muscles of the vocal folds?

Back 4

LCA (lateral cricoarytenoid)

OIA (oblique interarytenoid)

TIA (transverse interarytenoid)

Front 5

What is the shortener muscle of the vocal folds, and what effect on pitch does it have?

Back 5

TA (thyroarytenoids)

lowers the pitch

Front 6

What is the lengthener muscle of the vocal folds, and what effect on pitch does it have?

Back 6

CT (cricothyroid)

raises the pitch

Front 7

Readily list and discuss audible and/or observable signs/symptoms of inefficient voice production.

Back 7

Breathy

Pressed

Lack of glottal fry

Wrong onsets

Fast/slow/lack of vibrato

Inability to phonate in a certain register

etc etc

Front 8

What is the source/filter theory as it relates to the voice?

Back 8

The source is the vibratory mechanism that creates the sound, which then is manipulated and comes out of the filter. For the voice, the vocal folds/muscles of the larynx are the source (lungs, muscles, diaphragm), while the oral cavity/vocal tract is the filter (teeth, lips, mouth).

Front 9

The muscles that form the "bulk" of the vocal folds are...

Back 9

TA (thyroarytenoids)

Front 10

"Subglottal" refers to the...

Back 10

space below the glottis

Front 11

"supraglottal" refers to the...

Back 11

space above the glottis

Front 12

Name the three types of vocal onset.

Back 12

Glottal

Aspirate (breathy)

Coordinated

Front 13

What is Reinke's space?

Back 13

Another name for the superficial layer of the lamina propria.

Front 14

What muscles aren't working efficiently if a student has a breathy sound?

Back 14

LCA (lateral cricoarytenoids)

IA (interarytenoids)

Front 15

If a student is having a hard time ascending the scale in pitch, which muscles may not be working efficiently?

Back 15

CT (cricothyroids) because they are the vocal fold lengtheners

Front 16

If a student is having a hard time descending the scale in pitch, which muscles may not be working efficiently?

Back 16

TA (thyroarytenoids) because they are the vocal fold shorteners

Front 17

Which intrinsic laryngeal muscle is NOT innervated by the recurrent branch of the vagus nerve?

Back 17

CT (cricothyroids)

Front 18

What are the two branches of the vagus nerve that innervate the voice?

Back 18

Recurrent Branch

Superior branch

-External route- CT (cricothyroid) only

Front 19

What does the recurrent branch of the vagus nerve innervate?

Back 19

Everything but the CT (cricothyroid)

Front 20

Where is the vestible located?

Back 20

Directly above the false folds (think chambers)

Front 21

Where are the ventricles located?

Back 21

It's the paired space between the false and true vocal folds.

Front 22

Briefly distinguish between vibrato rate and virbato extent.

Back 22

Rate- how fast the vibrato is (frequency of pitch variations)

Extent - how wide the pitch deviation itself is

Front 23

What are the vocalis?

Back 23

Sections of the TA (thyroarytenoid) muscle near its points of attachment to the lyroid and arytenoids cartilages

Front 24

How many cartilages are in the larynx?

Back 24

6 cartilages

Front 25

List the individual cartilages and their function.

Back 25

Epiglottis - swallowing, protects trachea

Thyroid cartilage- largest, "adams apple", protects vocal folds- looks like shield

Cricoid cartilage- attatched to first tracheal ring, below thyroid cartilage

Front 26

List the paired cartilages and their functions.

Back 26

Arytenoid cartilages - swalling, structure- look like horns

Corniculate cartilages- minor, prolong ^^, sit on top of the arytenoid cartilages

Cuneiform cartilages- same as ^^

Front 27

How many extrinsic muscles make up the larynx?

Back 27

11 muscles total

Front 28

Can you list three major things all people can/should to to care proactively for their voices, and give good reasons for each?

Back 28

Drink lots of water- keeps the muscles hydrated

Don't overdue it- as with any muscle, the vocal folds can wear out

Get plenty of rest- if your body doesnt feel good, your voice doesnt feel good

Front 29

What particular symptoms would prompt you to suggest a student or client seek evaluation by an otolaryngologist or other medical professional?

Back 29

Inability to coordinate onset

Persisting problem that doesnt go away with time

An off S/Z ratio

An inability to sing the appropriate range for said client

Front 30

What is any abuse to the vocal folds called that causes cysts, lesions, polyps, and other benign conditions?

Back 30

phonotrauma

Front 31

What is the Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory of voice production?

Back 31

States the way vocal folds open/close is in relation to the ratio of force vs. flow - vocal fold contact & how air comes in contact with the muscle.

Front 32

What is the Bernoulli Effect?

Back 32

Pressure builds up from lungs, forces the vocal folds open to equalize the pressure. When the pressure above the vocal folds is greater, then it forces them closed. (think of the shower curtain sticking to you)

Front 33

What is the phonation threshold pressure?

Back 33

Minimal level of lung pressure required to make a sound from the vocal folds.