Vocal Pedagogy Test 2

Front 1

If you were doing the vocal health talk with a new student what info would you include?

Back 1

Sing well, speak well, hydration, rest, mental health, good hygiene, fitness, and no drugs.

Front 2

What is the potential vocal concern with non-steroidal anti-inflammatories?

Back 2

They increase the risk of a vocal fold hemorrhage because they thin the blood.

Front 3

What are alcohol's vocal side effects besides dehydration?

Back 3

long-term overuse can cause liver damage which results in the thinning of the blood and predisposes the vocal folds to hemorrhage

Front 4

Why should we have a well visit with a good musically inclined ENT?

Back 4

To get a good baseline for vocal health in case something goes wrong down the line.

Front 5

What is laryngitis? What is happening with the vocal folds when one has it?

Back 5

laryngitis is the swelling of the vocal folds caused by a chemical or mechanical or thermal irritant. This swelling prevents the formation of a normal mucosal wave due to the strangulation of the lamina propia.

Front 6

What is GERD and how does it cause vocal issues?

Back 6

GERD is gastroesophageal reflux disease. It can cause chemical irritation to larynx and laryngitis due to backup of the stomach acid.

Front 7

Steroids to reduce vocal fold inflammation before a performance: worth it? Or no?

Back 7

for emergencies only. It will definitely help you sing for your performance but the recovery time is profoundly linked. Something that could have gone away with a good night's sleep will not take days or weeks to recover.

Front 8

Explain MTD and its effects on The Voice.

Back 8

muscle tension dysphonia has to do with the excessive tension creating swollen muscles. In singing the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the larynx are overworked and result in a laryngeal edema.

Front 9

What happens during vocal fold hemorrhage?

Back 9

It is like a bruise. When this happens, a blood vessel bursts in the vocal cords inhibiting their function.

Front 10

What's the difference between vocal fold nodules and vocal fold polyps? What causes them?

Back 10

vocal nodules or callus-like bumps on the vocal cords that form along the vibrating margin of the vocal folds. They are always bilateral and are impact wounds. They prevent healthy formation by creating a physical barrier between the vocal folds primarily happens in women. Polyps are discreet lesions filled with blood or clear gelatinous material that are caused from vocal trauma and repeated use of the injured voice. Usually are not bilateral and often preceded by a hemorrhage.

Front 11

What can happen with a female voice around that time of the month?

Back 11

hormonal changes that occur in the cells of the cervix also occur in the cover of the vocal folds. When generalized fluid retention and tissue changes occur in the body just before this time, there are effects of mild vocal fold edema and thick mucus. In the voice this manifests as a slightly husky sound, decreased range, and reduce flexibility or control.

Front 12

What is sound?

Back 12

The compression and rare faction within a medium.

Front 13

What is a period, with regards to sound?

Back 13

each cycle of vibration in a sound wave has a measurable duration, which is defined as a period. A short, sharp sound, like a clap, will only have a single period this is called a periodic. When singing, we have multiple periods. This is called periodic.

Front 14

How does sound happen?

Back 14

a sound source, such as the oscillating vocal folds, create a slight pressurization This is called compression of air molecules, followed immediately by a depressurization. This is called rarefaction.

Front 15

What is the difference between frequency and pitch?

Back 15

frequency is an objective measurement of vibrations per second, pitch, however is a subjective perception that can be influenced by factors ranging from vibrato to intensity.

Front 16

For properties of musical sound and how they are measured?

Back 16

Frequency is measured in Hertz, amplitude is measured in decibels, spectral envelope is measured by formants observed through a spectrometer, and duration is self apparent.

Front 17

How do high frequency sounds travel versus a low frequency sound?

Back 17

high frequency sounds with short wavelengths travel in straight lines, if they encounter an obstacle in their path they will be reflected in a new direction. Low wavelength sounds, are less directional and tend to bend around obstacles and continue on their original paths.

Front 18

What is the spectral envelope?

Back 18

The spectral envelope is the objective measurement of timber or tone color.

Front 19

What is the spectral slope?

Back 19

The spectral slope is a phenomenon in which harmonics in the sound, produced by the vibrating vocal folds, gradually decrease in amplitude relative to the fundamental.

Front 20

What is resonance?

Back 20

Resonance is the intensification and enriching of a musical tone by supplementary vibration.

Front 21

How could you explain resonance to a beginning singer?

Back 21

imagine a child being pushed on a swing. When you and the child are in unison with each other, the swing can get higher and higher and the swing sustained. When you get out of line, or force, the child can even come to a complete stop.

Front 22

What is the difference between force resonance and free resonance?

Back 22

Horse residents requires a direct mechanical connection of vibrator to resonator. Vibrations are felt in the chest, head, and mask as those areas have mass and compliance. Physical sensations are only illusory. Free resonance is the result of the vibrations of air molecules and reflections of sound waves within the void. Structures must be hollow, have volume, and have an opening in which sound waves could escape. This is the larynx trachea and vocal tract.

Front 23

Label figure 3-1

Back 23

In order from top to bottom nasal cavity, oral cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, loryngopharynx

Front 24

what was the point of singing into a cardboard tube in class? What made certain pitches more difficult to sing through it?

Back 24

if you have a tube with a sound source on one end and it is open on the other, sound will pass through the resonator too. Another way to say this is if compression or rare faction of the waves hits the opening of the tube, most of the acoustic energy is blocked in little to no sound will get through. We did the experiment to model this. Our lips were the sound source with the closed in, and we did sirens and heard the pitches that did not want to phonate.

Front 25

What is the source/filter theory, and how does it apply to the voice?

Back 25

The source / filter theory is the way science describes vocal production. The source refers to the periodic sounds of the oscillating vocal folds just the folds no resonators yet, The filter refers to the resonators and articulations of the vocal tract, This explains why the sound that actually comes out of the mouth is much different than the baseline sound vocal folds make.

Front 26

What is a formant?

Back 26

Amplification and enrichment provided by the vocal tract. Formants are not the sound or function of the vocal folds. It is the sound potential. Foremants only work at the vocal folds vibrate.

Front 27

How are formants measured/identified?

Back 27

Formants are identified by their frequency and bandwidth. The frequency of a formant is measured at the top center of the wave, and bandwidth determined by measuring the width of the peak at a specific distance below the summit.

Front 28

How do we alter formant frequencies?

Back 28

we can alter formant frequencies by changing the shape of the vocal tract by moving the tongue, opening or closing the mouth with your jaw, etc.

Front 29

Which two formants are required for valve identification?

Back 29

F1 and f2

Front 30

What happens to formant frequencies when the vocal tract is limped? Shortened? Lips round? Draw drops?

Back 30

as the vocal tract is Lenthened, the formants lower uniformly. If shortened the formants raise uniformly. If the lips are rounded all formant frequencies lower uniformly. This increases with spreading. When the jaw drops, F1 raises.

Front 31

What is formant tuning?

Back 31

formant tuning is vowel modification. We modify vowels without thinking up at the top of our ranges. It can be used to navigate passagios by modifying the vowels whose first formants are found near the pitches within the area of transition. It can also be used to help a tenor reach high notes

Front 32

What is the singer's formant?

Back 32

This is the cluster of the third fourth and fifth formamts that starts around 2,600 to 3,200 Hz. This sound carries over the orchestra's potential sound. The sound must be perfectly balanced in the body to in order to achieve the resonance.