Vocabulary For Genetics

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A collection of cloned DNA sequences that contains a copy of every DNA sequence in the genome.

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Genomic DNA library

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An enzyme(an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase) that makes a complementary DNA copy of an mRNA molecule

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REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE

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Molecules, that when bound to protein, identifies the protein for degradation by proteolytic enzymes.

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UBIQUITIN

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An enzyme that catalyzes the addition of an acetyl group to a molecule.

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ACETYLTRANSFERASE

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Genes in normal cells that encode products that stop uncontrolled cell proliferarion.

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TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE

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A comples of proteolytic enzymes that degrade proteins

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PROTEASOME

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Distinct proteins produces fromt eh same gene by alternative splicing.

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iSOFORMS

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Tumor type that impairs function of tissue

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MALIGNANT

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Molecular technique used to amplify short segments of DNA

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PCR

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DNA composed of sequencs from different sources

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RECOMBINANT DNA

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A cell containing two sets of nuclear chromosomes (2n)

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diploid

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The enzyme that lengthens the ends of chromosomes

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telomerase

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RNA that is associated with ribosomal structure

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rRNA

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Ribosome site in which charged tRNAs (aminoacyl-tRNAs)enter the ribosomes during translation elongation

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A-SITE

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A mutant strain of a given organism that cannot synthesize a molecule required for growth and therefore must have the molecule supplied in the growth medium for it grow.

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AUXOTROPH

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Prokaryotic DNA polermase responsible for removing RNA primers in DNA replication

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POL I

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Region of DNA polmerase resonsible for removing RNA primers in DNA relication

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PROMOTER

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A change in DNA nucleotide sequence

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MUTATION

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The complex that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron to release an intron and join two adjacent exons

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SLICEOSOME

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Used to describe the genotype of the heterogamete sex with respect to genes located on the sex chromosome

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DOMINANT EPISTASIS

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Interaction of alleles in which the heterozygote displays both the dominant and recessive phenotypes

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CO-DOMINANCE

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Region of the X chromosome known to be responsible for "counting" of the number of X chromosomes in a cell

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XIC REGION

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Type of epistasis that results in a 12:3:1 ratio

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DOMINANT EPISTASIS

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Type of mutation in which a piece of a chromosome is moved to a different location in the genome

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TRANSLOCATION

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A small protein that marks other proteins for degradation

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UBIQUITIN

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A bacteriophage integrated into the chromosome of a lysogenic bacterial cell

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PROPHAGE

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Chromatin that is highly condensed and is transcriptionally inactive

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HETEROCHROMATIN

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A process in which genetic information is transefered by means of extracellular pieces of DNA in bacteria

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TRANSFORMATION

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A controlling site, adjacent to a promoter,that is responsible for controlling transcription of genes in an operon

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OPERATOR

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A molecule in bacterial operons that brings about the transcription of an inducible operon

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INDUCER

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Alleles of a gene seprate during meiosis

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LAW OF SEGREGATION

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An individual that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest

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MONOHYBRID

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A cross between 2 individuals that are heterozygous for same pair of alleles

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MONOHYBRID CROSS

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A form of gene interaction in which one gene masks the phenotype of another

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EPISTASIS

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Heterozygote displays a phenotype that is a blend of 2 pheotypes conferred by 2 alleles

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INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

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When mutated, can result in a lethal phenotype

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LETHAL ALLELE

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dominantly inherited disorder

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HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE

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recessively inherited

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Cystic Fibrosis

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The ability of a gene to affect an organism in may different ways

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PLEIOTROPY

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Sex of an individual influences the extent of expression of a phenotype

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Sex-influenced

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Sex of an individual determines whether or not phenotype is expressed at all

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SEX-LIMITED TRAITS

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Frequency in which a dom. or rec. allele manifess itself within individuals in a population.

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PENETRANCE

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The degree to which a pentetrant allele is phenotipically expressed in an indiv.

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EXPRESSIVITY

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Results from non-disjunction

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ANEUPLOIDY

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adenine/guanine

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PURINES

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cytosine/thimine(RNA replace w/Uracil)

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PYRIMIDINES

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A always pairs w/T

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2 H BONDS

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C always pairs w/G

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3 BONDS

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Run in opposite directions w/respect to 5'-3' ends

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Anti-parallel

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~occurs in S phase of cell cycle
~a faithful relication of all d.s DNA in the cell

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DNA REPLICATON

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DNA no matter what type it is adds nucleotides to the free 3' end of a polynucleotide chain, takes it to the _____

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3' END OF A GROWING CHAIN

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catalyzes formation of phophodiester bond in creation of a bond,energy is released by hydrolysis between 1st 2 phosphates

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DNA POLYMERASE

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catalyzeds the formation of new DNA in a 5'-3'direction

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DNA POLYMERASE

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~DNA polsynthesizes new DNA 5'-3'
~DS DNA must be anti-parallel
~DNA synthesiz has to follow opening of fork

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REPLICATION FORKS

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creates nicks in sugar-phosphate to relieve unwinding tension

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TOPOIMERASE

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seals nicks in sugar-phosphate backbone between Okazaki fragments

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LIGASE

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~catalyzes formation of phosphodiester bonds in a growing RNA chain

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RNA POLYMERASE

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why have introns?

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1SEQ'S W/IN INTRONS COULD BE RESPONSIBLE FOR REGULATION TXN OF GENES.
2A SINGLES GENE CAN ENCODE MULTIPLE FORMS OF A PROTEIN

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~change in a DNA n.t sequence
~happen during relication,even
after mismatch repair
~environmental factors

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MUTATION

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is a significant source of diversity of bacterial cells
~combining of DNA fron 2 indiv.in to the genome of a single individual

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RECOMBINATION

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types of recombination occuring in bacterical cells

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~TRANSFORMATION
~TRANSDUCTION
~CONJUGATION

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alternation of a bacterial genotype by the uptake of foreign DNA from surrounding environment

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TRANSFORMATION

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recomb. due to viruses carrying bacterial genes fron 1 host to another. from lysogeny->lytic cycle

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TRANSDUCTION

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direct transfer of genetic materical between 2 bacterial cells that are temporarily joined.

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CONJUGATION

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A term applied to an gene that produces a range of phenotypes in individuals of the same genotype

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Expressivity

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Allele interaction in which the heterozygote displays a phenotype that is a blend of phenotypes produced by each allele

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Incomplete dominance

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Type of reproduction in which two parents donate genetic material to offspring

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Sexual reproduction

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Term that describes the failure of chromosomes to separate during cell division

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Non-disjunction

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A type of chromosomes that does not carry genes conferring sexual characteristics

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Autosome

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Phase of meiosis in which crossing-over occurs

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Prophase I

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Term that describes chromosomes that carry the same type of genes

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Homologous chromosomes

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Describes an individual that has two copies of every chromosome in most cells

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Diploid

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An allele that is expressed in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition

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Dominant

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Term used to describe a gene that has multiple phenotypic effects on an individual

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Pleiotropic

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A replication enzyme responsible for untwisting the DNA double helix

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helicase

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A noncoding region of nucleic acid removed during splicing

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intron

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An mRNA modification that protects mRNA from degradation in the cytoplasm

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polyadenylation

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A type of polymerase that does not require a 3’ OH to initiate nucleic acid synthesis

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primase

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Bacterial protein that assists RNA polymerase in transcription initiation

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sigma factor

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Showed that in double-stranded DNA, 50% of the bases are purines and 50% are pyrimidines

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DNA pol III

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Transformed non-virulent strains of bacteria into virulent strains with just presence of DNA

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exon

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Provided the first evidence of a specific relationship between genes and enzymes

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helicase

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Studied DNA using X-ray diffraction

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DNA pol I

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Used bacteriophages viruses to show that DNA was the genetic material used to infect bacterial cells.

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5’ capping

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Describes gene expression in which genes are being transcribed all the time

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constitutive

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Transfer of DNA between bacterial cells that is mediated by a virus

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transduction

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Describes a single mRNA transcript containing two or more adjacent protein-coding genes

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polycistronic

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Ribosomal site that contains a tRNA linked to a growing chain of amino acids

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P site

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Type of cell in which an F factor has been excised from the Hfr chromosome and re-circularized into an F plasmid

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F’ cell

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Phage life cycle in which the phage takes over the bacterium and uses it to express the phage’s genes and to produce progeny phages

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lytic cycle

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DNA library that represents expressed genes

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cDNA library

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A small molecule involved in controlling expression of many regulated genes

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effector

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Phage that can undergo both the lytic and lysogenic cycles

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temperate

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mRNA structure responsible for ribosome recognition

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5’ cap