Vitamins/minerals

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Dr. James Lind

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Discovered Scurvy - tx - limeys

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Vitamins

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Do not provide energy, enable body to use energy, should not be over used, mega doses can be toxic, 13 vitamins by only 11 have been researched and are on RDA.

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Some vitamins are destroyed by ____, ____, and _____.

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light, heat, or water

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Measured by weight

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mg, mcg, or IU

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Prone to deficiency

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those with an unbalanced diet, absorption difficulties, celiac, or Chron's

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tx for deficiency

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synthetic (manufactured) or natural vitamin replacement (body cannot differentiate between these)

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2 classifications of vitamins

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fat soluble
water soluble

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Fat Soluble

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A, D, E, K (all the rest are water soluble)

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Fat soluble and cooking

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cooking doesn't destroy fat soluble as readily

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absorption of fat soluble

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absorbed into the lymphatic system through the lacteals, transported, emptied into subclavian,

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Need _____ to be absorbed and stored in the body

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fat

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excessive amounts are _____

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stored

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Deficiencies are slower to appear in body b/c they can be _____

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stored

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Vit A

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Carotene and Retinol (carrots and retina) - main cause of blindness in the world is xerophthalmia

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Vit A functions

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promote growth, sustain normal vision, support normal reproduction, maintain healthy skin and mucous membranes, increasing resistance to infection

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Vit A sources

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liver, spinach, green, yellow and orange veg, cream, butter, and egg yolk

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Vit A Requirements

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IU (FDA uses RE - retinol equivalents) - 5000

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Hypervitaminosis - A

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ingesting over 50,000 IU a day for sustained periods, in children 20,000 IU per day for months - symptoms - orange coloration

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Deficiency - A

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Night blindness, dry rough skin, increased susceptibility to infections

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Vit D

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Ergocalciferol, Cholecalciferol

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Vit D Functions

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Regulating use of Ca and Ph, promotion of calcium and ph absorption "Bones and Teeth"

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Vit D absorption

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intestine - and chemically changed in liver and kidneys, excess amts stored in liver and adipose tissue

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Vit D sources

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Best: Sun
Fish liver oil
milk - fortified

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Hypervitaminosis - D

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Must be avoided b/c can cause Ca and phosphorous deposits in soft tissues, kidney and heart damage and bone fragility - kidney stones can deposit

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Vit D deficiency

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inhibited absorption of Ca and Ph, leads to Rickets or Osteomalacia - most at risk breast fed infants or those getting too little sunshine

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Vit E

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Alpha-tocopherol, Tocopherols

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Vit E Functions

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antioxidant, carried in blood by lipoproteins, used to retard spoilage, reproductive vitamin, protects vits A & C

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Vit E Sources

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Vegetable Oils, leafy green veg, whole grains, butter and margarine, wheat germ, egg yolk, liver

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hypervitaminosis - E
Deficiency

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nontoxic
rare except in malabsorption disorders

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Vit K

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Menadione - aquamephyton

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Vit K functions

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essential in formation of prothrombin, necessary for blood clotting

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Vit K Sources

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liver, califlower, cabbage, spinach, margarine, green leafy veg, soybean and other veg oils

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Deficiency K
Treatment

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Hemorrhagic symptoms
vit K IM