Vitamins And Minerals

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vitamin A

fat-soluable vitamin

Back 1

Retinol, Beta-Carotene
function: imp. for pigment of rods in retina. rods enable us to seen in dim light. a lack of vit. A will cause night blindness. long-term vit. A deficency will cause blindness.
--protects against cancer of skin, and other epithelial cells in respiratory tract, GI tract, urinary bladder, and breast.
--stimulates immune system so that vaterial, viral, and parasitic infections are efficently dealt with
--vit. A is an antioxidant, attaching to dangerous free radicals

also necessary for proper bone growth renal function, digestive activity, and normal reproductive function in both sexes.

SOURCES: dairy, liver, fish, yellow and green fruits and vegetables

OD: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, HA, skin peeling, anorexia, irritability, wasting of bone mass, and in fatal cases destruction of the liver.

vitamin A is teratogenic when taken in large doses by pregnant mothers in the first 3 months of pregnancy

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vitamin B1

water-soluable vitamin

Back 2

Thiamine (coenzyme)

function: enables proper carbohydrate metabolism. also plays roll in well-being of the nervous or cardiovascular system

deficency: causes beriberi. beriberi symptoms include wasting of muscles, and malfunctioning of the nervous system. other signs of deficency include anorexia constipation, nausea, mental confusion and depression

sources: grains, cereals, beans, pork, liver

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vitamin B2

water-soluable vitamin

Back 3

Riboflavin

function: important component for proper enzymatic activity in metabolism of carbohydrates and its production of energy for the body. necessary for proper growth and maintenance of the body

deficency: can cause anemia and affect the nervous system and cause depression. the tounge, mouth, eyes, and skin may become dried out or sore. HA, burning of the skin (especially the feet), cracking of the corners of the mouth, and seborrheic dermatitis.

sources: cereals, eggs, dark green vegetables, milk, liver
>>may turn urine yellow to orange

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vitamin B3

water-soluable vitamin

Back 4

Nicotinic acid, niacin

function: used in tissue respiration and metabolism.

nicotinic acid has been found to lower LDL (bad) cholesterol. it releases histamine and causes periphial vasodialation.

necessary for lipid metabolism, proper nerve functioning, and overall maintenace of cells

deficency: causes pellagra=diarrhea, wakness, lethargy, dermatitis, dementia, sores in the mouth, GI problems.

sources: nuts, beans, pea, wheat, rice, grains

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vitamin B5

water-soluable vitamin

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Panthothenic acid (coenzyme)

function: affects body metabolism. it is incorperated into a coenzyme or the enzyme itself to synthesize important compounds in the body such as fatty acids, steroid hormones, and other molecules necessary for protein and carbohydrate metabolic processes.

produced by bacteria within the GI tract of many animals, and is also in plant cells

deficency: HA, sleep disturbances, muscle cramps, and fatigue.

sources: vegetables, cereals, yeast, liver

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vitamin B6

water-soluable vitamin

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Pyridoxine

function: functions in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the diet. because it aids in metabolism this is why it is added to foods. greater metabolism means that carbs are not absorbed by the body

it aids in the absorption of B12. and is a component needed for the production of many different amino acids, inlcuding a major amino acid neurotransmitter found in the brain and spinal cord

deficency: skin problems such as seborrheic type lesions, stomatitis and even seizures. can cause dwarfism, blindness, dementia, depression and osteoporosis.

meat, liver, chicken, salmon, trout, beans, rice, whole grains

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vitamin B9

water-soluable vitamin

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Folic Acid (coenzyme)

function: essential vitamin for DNA synthesis and creation of cells in areas that have high growth turnover. thse are bone marrow and GI tract.

sources: green vegables, beets, OJ, and liver

deficency: diarrhea, weight loss, weakness, sore mouth, irritability, and behavior disorders. interactions may occur with phenytoin, estrogen, or nitrofurantoin

sources: green vegetables and liver

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vitamin B12

water-soluable vitamin

Back 8

Cyanocobalamin (coenzyme)

function: required by the body for red blood cell production, myelin sheath production, and the synthesis of neucleic acids.

deficency: anemia, dementia, depression, hair loss, poor growth rate in children, and anorexia.

pernicious= severe anemia, unspecific to any cell type
megaloblastic= red blood cells are abnormally formed

sources: meats, liver, chicken, dairy products

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vitamin C

water-soluable vitamin

Back 9

Ascorbic Acid

function: anti-oxidant, formation of connective tissue found in bones, teeth, and gums. aids in wound healing. aids in proper nutrition of cells and their permeability

deficency: causes scurvy=excessive bleeding in the skin and gums, causing teeth to become loose. reduction in body's ability to produce T cells

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vitamin D2

fat-soluable vitamin

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Ergocalciferol

result of UV radiation on a yeast product found in bread and milk. this gets injested, transported to the liver, and then the hormone calciferol is formed. calciferol is then transported to the kidneys where calcitriol (aka vit D hormone is produced).

vit D hormone increases P absorption and Ca intake. necessary for providing adequate CA and P to mother and child during preg. and breast-feeding.

sources: dairy, eggs, natural light, and artificial light containing UV

deficiency: causes rickets in children=bone weakness and deformities and causes osteomalacia in adults. osteomalacia in adults also causes osteoporosis

OD: hypercalcemia, calcium deposits in various areas of the body such as soft tissue and joints, causing muscle weakness or pain. convulsions or death may occur in serious cases

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vitamin D3

fat-soluable vitamin

Back 11

Cholecalciferol

produced by the skin in presence of UV light

vit D hormone increases P absorption and Ca intake. necessary for providing adequate CA and P to mother and child during preg. and breast-feeding.

sources: dairy, eggs, natural light, and artificial light containing UV

deficiency: causes rickets in children=bone weakness and deformities and causes osteomalacia in adults. osteomalacia in adults also causes osteoporosis

OD: hypercalcemia, calcium deposits in various areas of the body such as soft tissue and joints, causing muscle weakness or pain. convulsions or death may occur in serious cases

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vitamin E

fat-soluable vitamin

Back 12

Alpha-tocopherol

potent anti-oxidant, essential for normal metabolism and protection of the skin, eyes, tissues, and muscles. protects red blood cells from damage

source: whole grains, nuts, corn, vegetables, eggs, and butter

deficency: anemia and cardiovascular disease

Front 13

vitamin K

fat-soluable vitamin

Back 13

Phytonadione

responsible for the formation of blood coagulation factors

sources: found in wheat, legumes, egg yolks, milk, and vegetables such as broccoli and spiniach. certain bacteria in the intestine also produce vitamin K as a byproduct of their metabolism.

deficency: cause an increased tendency to bleed. the bleeding may be repeated nosebleeds, blood in the sputum w/o coughing, spontanious bruising in several parts of the body, or blood in the urine

Front 14

avitaminosis

Back 14

vitamin deficency

Front 15

Coenzyme

Back 15

a compound that activates an enzyme

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cofactor

Back 16

a factor that must be present for other factors to be active. All co enzymes are cofactors but not all cofactors are coenszymes

Front 17

electrolytes

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cations (+ charge) and anions (- charge)

Front 18

enzyme

Back 18

a protein that speeds up a reaction by reducing the amoutn of energy required to initiate a reaction; aka biological catalyst

Front 19

fat-soluable vitamins

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vitamins that can be stored in body fat: A, D, E, K

Front 20

hemoglobin

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the iron-containing blood cell that carries O^2 to the tissues

Front 21

hypervitaminosis

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condition caused by the presence of too many vitamins; more common with fat-soluable vitamins

Front 22

intrinsic factor

Back 22

a naturally produced protein that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12

Front 23

molecular biosynthesis

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the making of chemical compounds within a living organism

Front 24

trace elements

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elements needed by the body in very small amounts

Front 25

water-soluable vitamins

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vitamins that are soluable in water and not stored by the body. these must continually be replaced.

Front 26

Mineral

Ca

Back 26

avl forms: Ca(CO3)2, (CH3COO)2Ca [calcium acetate}, others

Ind: bone formation, cell transport, nerve and muscle functions

deficency: osteoporosis, rickets

OD: kidney lithiasis or kidney damage

Front 27

mineral

Cl

Back 27

avl as XCl (in ionic compound)

Front 28

mineral

Mg

Back 28

Magnesium

avl forms: Mg(SO4)2, MgCl2

ind: normal muscle and heart function necessary for Vit.C and Ca metabolism

Deficency: HBP, kidney and heart problems, mental confusion

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mineral

P

Back 29

avl forms: dibasic calcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate

ind: necessary for healthy bones and teeth, component of phospholipids in cell membranes

deficency: muscle weakness, defective bone function, arthritis

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mineral

K

Back 30

avl forms: KCl, salt substitute, others

ind: cellular transport, normal muscle, heart, kidney and nervous system functions

deficency: muscle weakness, lethargy, poor growth, and cardiac disturbance

OD: cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac arrest

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mineral

Na

Back 31

NaCl

Front 32

S

Back 32

avl as XSO4

Front 33

essential trace elements

Cr

Back 33

Chromium

Front 34

essential trace elements

Co

Back 34

Cobalt

Front 35

essential trace elements

Cu

Back 35

avl forms: cupric sulfate

ind: Fe utilization, skin pigmentation, nervous system functions

deficency: poor bone growth, nausea, nervous system disorders, poor response of immune system

OD: jaundice

Front 36

essential trace elements

I

Back 36

Iodized table salt

Front 37

essential trace elements

Fe

Back 37

avl forms: ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, ferrous gluconate, iron dextran, iron sucrose

ind: hemoglobin/O^2 transport

deficiency: anemia, poor growth, confusion, loss of appetite, hair loss, SOB, lethargy, heart palpitations

OD: OD effects are SEVERE, include acidosis, liver and kidney impairment, coma

OD: GI disturbance, black stools

gives blood and liver their reddish colors

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essential trace elements

Mn

Back 38

Mangenese

ind: necessary for bone formation and for metabolism of amino acids, lipids, cholesterol

deficiency: poor hair growth, nails, and osteoporosis

Front 39

essential trace elements

Mo

Back 39

molybdenum (not avl as a separate supplement due to its toxicity)

Front 40

essential trace elements

Se

Back 40

Selenium

ind: necessary for proper immune function and growth

deficiency: heart and bone disease

OD: GI disturbances, liver damage

Front 41

essential trace elements

Zn

Back 41

avl forms: Zinc sulfate, zinc acetate

ind: proper growth and reproduction; helps heal wounds, important to sense of smell and taste, and for skin hydration

deficiency: decreased vitamin D absorption, nausea, hair loss, birth defects, decreased immune response, decreased sperm count

OD: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pulmonary edema, hypotension, tachycardia

Front 42

pernicious anemia

Back 42

cyanocobalamin (B12) deficency

Front 43

megaloblastic anemia

Back 43

folic acid (B9) deficency

Front 44

pellagra

Back 44

nicotinic acid (niacin) deficency

Front 45

beriberi

Back 45

thiamine (B1) deficency

Front 46

Name reasons why iron deficiency can occur?

Back 46

1. lack of iron in the diet
2. pregnancy requires greater intake of iron
3. inadequate intestinal absorption
4. excessive blood loss
5. certain forms of kidney failure in which the kidnesys fail to produce erythropoietin
6. Alcoholism
7. blood loss in women during menstruation

Front 47

what percentage of the world's population is affected by iron deficiency anemia?

Back 47

30% of the world's population is affected by iron deficiency anemia