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187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Actor-Network Theory
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A body of thought that emphasizes that humans and nonhumans are linked together in a dynamic set of relations that, in turn, influence nonhuman behavior.
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Complimentarity
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A situation in which one place or region can supply the demand for resources or goods in another place or region.
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Cultural Ecology
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A subfield within human geography that studies the relationship between people and the natural environment.
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Cultural Landscape
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The collection of structures, fields, or other features that result from human transformation of the natural environment; any landscape created or modified by people.
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Culture
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A social creation consisting of shared beliefs and practices that are dynamic rather than fixed, and a complex system that is shaped by people and, in turn, influences them.
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Distance Decay
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- The tapering off of a process, pattern, or event over a distance.
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Distribution
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- The arrangement of phenomena on or near the Earth's surface.
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Environmental Determinism
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- A theory maintaining that natural factors control the development of human physiological and mental qualities.
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Formal Region
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- An area that possesses one or more unifying physical or cultural traits.
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Functional Region
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An area that is unified by a specific economic, political, or social activity and possesses at least on node.
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Geographic Information System (GIS)
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A combination of hardware and software that enables the input, management, analysis, and visualization, of georeferenced (location-based) data.
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Geographic Scale
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Broadly, a way of depicting, in reduced form, all or part of the world, or a level of analysis used in a specific project or study.
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Global Positioning System (GPS)
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A constellation of artificial satellites, radio signals, and receivers used to determine the absolute location of people, places, or features on Earth.
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Globalization
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The greater interconnectedness and interdependence of people and places around the world.
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Glocalization
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The idea that global and local forces interact and that both are changed in the process.
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Human Geography
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A branch of geography centered on the study of people, places, spatial variation in human activities, and the relationship between people an the environment.
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Intervening Opportunity
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A situation in which a different location can provide a desired good more economically than another location.
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Nature
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In one sense, the physical environment that is external to people, but also a social construction derived from ideas that people have about the physical environment.
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Nature-Culture Dualism
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A conceptual framework that separates nature from culture (nature is not culture, and vise versa) and is rejected by many scholars today.
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Perceptual Region
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An area that people perceive to exist because they identify with it, have an attachment to is, or imagine it in a certain way.
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Place
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A locality distinguished by specific physical and social characteristics.
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Political Ecology
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An offshoot of cultural ecology that studies how economic forces and competition for power influence human behavior, especially decisions and attitudes involving the environment.
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Possibilism
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A theory that people use their creativity to decide how to respond to the conditions or constraints of a particular natural environment.
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Raster Data
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A grid based format for storing location-based data in a geographic data such as land cover or elevation.
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Regional Analysis
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The study of the cultural, economic, political, physical, or other factors that contribute to the distinctiveness of geographical areas.
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Remote Sensing
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A means of acquiring information about something that is located at a distance from you or the sensing device, such as a satellite.
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Site
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The physical characteristics of a place, such as its topography, vegetation, and water resources.
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Situation
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The geographic context of a place, including its political, economic, social , or other characteristics.
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Space
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A bounded (absolute)or unbounded (relative) area. Absolute space can be precisely measured; relative space is shaped by contingency.
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Spatial Association
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The degree to which two or more phenomena share similar distributions.
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Spatial Diffusion
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The movement of a phenomenon, such as an innovation, information, or an epidemic, across space and over time.
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Spatial Interaction
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The connections and relations that develop among places and regions as a result of the movement or flow of people, goods, or information.
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Spatial Variation
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Changes in the distribution of a phenomenon from one place or area to another.
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Time-Space Convergence
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The process by which places seem to become closer together in both time and space as a result of innovations in transportation and communication that weaken the barrier or friction of distance.
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Transferability
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The cost of moving a good and the ability of the good to withstand that cost.
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Vector Data
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A format for storing location-based data in a geographic information system that uses latitude and longitude coordinates to represent geographic features with points, lines, and other complex shapes.
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Acupuncture
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An ancient form of traditional Chinese medicine that promotes healing through the insertion of needles into the body at specific points.
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Allopathic Medicine
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Medical practice that seeks to cure or prevent ailments with procedures and medicines that have typically been evaluated in clinical trials.
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Americaniztion
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The diffusion of American brands, values, and attitudes throughout the world.
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Capital
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Financial, social, intellectual, or other assets that are derived from human creativity and are used to create goods and services.
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Cartel
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Entity consisting of individuals or businesses that control the production or sale of a commodity or group of commodities - often worldwide.
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Commodification
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The conversion of an object, a concept, or a procedure once not available for purchase into a good or service that can be bought or sold.
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Conflict Diamonds
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(Blood Diamonds) Diamonds sold to finance wars or terrorist activities.
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Consumption
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Broadly defined, the use of goods to satisfy human needs and desires.
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Cultural Geography
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A branch of human geography that emphasizes human beliefs and activities and how they vary spatially, utilize the environment, and change the landscape.
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Diffusionism
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A belief, associated with the rationality doctrine and cultural superiority, that the spread of Western science, technology, and practices to non-Westerners (deemed inferior) would enable them to advance socially and economically.
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Dissonance
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The quality of being inconsistent; within heritage studies the idea that the meaning and value of heritage vary from group to group.
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Feng Shui
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The Chinese art and scienece of situating settlements or designing cultural landscapes in order to harmonize the cosmic forces of nature with the built environment.
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
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The transfer of monetary resources by a multinational corporation from its home country abroad in order to finance its overseas business activities.
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Globalization
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The greater interconnectedness and interdependence of people and places around the world.
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Glocalization
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The idea that global and local forces interact and that both are changed in the process.
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Haka
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A collective, ritual dance of the New Zealand Maori and other Polynesian peoples.
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Heritage
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Property transmitted to an heir or, more broadly, any contemporary use of the past.
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Heritage Industry Enterprises
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, such as museums, monuments, and historical and archaeological sites that manage or market the past.
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Holistic Approach
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Within traditional medicine, a manner of understanding health such that it encompasses all aspects - physical, mental, social, and spiritual - of a persons life.
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Horizontal Expansion
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In the context of globalization, the increase in international connections among places via rapid flows of goods, people, and ideas.
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Local Culture
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The practices, attitudes, and preferences held in common by the members of a community in a particular place.
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Local Knowledge
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The collective wisdom of a community that derives from the everyday activities of its members.
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Material Culture
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The tangible and visible artifacts, implements, and structures created by people such as dwellings, musical instruments, and tools.
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Multinational Corporation (MNC)
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(Transnational Corporation TNC) A company that owns offices or production facilities in one or more countries.
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Mystical Ecology
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The interrelationship between an awareness of cosmic forces and human use of the environment.
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Neolocalism
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A renewed interest in sustaining and promoting the uniqueness of a place.
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Nonmaterial Culture
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The oral traditions, behavioral practices, and other nontangible components of a cultural group's way of life, including recipes, songs, or philosophies.
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Personal Approach
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Within traditional medicine, a manner of understanding health in which it is possible for two people to have the same symptoms but receive different treatments because of their individual circumstances.
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Placelessness
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The loss of the unique character of different places and the increasing standardization of places and cultural landscapes that is often attributed to the diffusion of popular culture.
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Popular Culture
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The practices, attitudes and preferences held in common by large numbers of people and considered to be mainstream.
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Qanat
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A system of water supply that uses shaft and tunnel technology to tap underground water resources.
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Rationality Doctrine
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The attitude and belief that Europeans were rational and non-Europeans, especially colonized peoples, were irrational.
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Social Capital
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Social ties, networks, institutions, and trust that members of a group use to achieve mutual benefits.
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Sustainable Development
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An approach to resource use and management that meets economic and social needs without compromising the resources for future generations.
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Traditional Medicine
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Medical practices, derived from a society's long established health-related knowledge and beliefs, that are used to maintain or restore well-being.
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Vernacular Architecture
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The common structures - dwellings, buildings, barns, churches, etc - associated with a particular place, time, ad community.
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Vertical Expansion
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In the context of globalization, the deepening of connections between places through the development of policies, such as trade agreements that formalize and strengthen those linkages.
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World (Global) Heritage
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Sites perceived to have outstanding universal value for all humanity.
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age-dependency ratio
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The number of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 65 as a proportion of the working-age population. (Greiner)
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arable land
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Land that can be farmed. (Greiner)
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arithmetic density
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The number of people per unit area of land. (Greiner)
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Asylum
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Protection from the persecution granted by one country to a refugee from another country. (Greiner)
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authorized immigrant
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In the United States, a legal permanent resident who is sometimes also called a green-card holder. (Greiner)
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carrying capacity
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The number of people the earth can support at a comfortable standard of living given current technology and habits of resource use. (Greiner)
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cornucopian theory
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A theory positing that human ingenuity will result in innovations that make it possible to expand the food supply. (Greiner)
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Counterurbanization
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The deconcentration of population in an area that occurs as people move from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan areas. (Greiner)
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crude birth rate (CBR)
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The annual number of births per 1000 people. (Greiner)
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crude death rate (CDR)
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The annual number of deaths per 1000 people. (Greiner)
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demographic equation
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A technique for measuring the population change in a region over a specified period of time by adding the population growth through natural increase and net migration o the population at the start of the time period being examined. (Greiner)
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demograpgic transition model
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A simplified representation of a common demographic shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates over time and in conjunction with urbanization and industrialization. (Greiner)
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Emigration
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The out-migration or departure of people from a location. (Greiner)
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epidemiological transition
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Broadly, a notable shift in disease prevalence and morality patterns associated with lifestyle and/or environmental changes. (Greiner)
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food insecurity
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A situation in which people do not have physical or financial access to basic foodstuffs. (Greiner)
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Immigration
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The in-migration or arrival of people at a location. (Greiner)
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infant mortality rate
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The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1000 live births. (Greiner)
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internally displaced persons
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People forcibly driven from their homes into a different part of their country. (Greiner)
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internal migration
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Migration within a country, from one county, state, or region to another. (Greiner)
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international migration
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Movement across an international boundary in order to take up long-term or permanent residence in another country. (Greiner)
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life expectancy
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The average length of time from birth that a person is expected to live given current death rates. (Greiner)
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Migration
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Movement from one territorial or administrative unit to another associated with long-term or permanent change in residence. (Greiner)
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migration corridor
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A route migrants take that is often durable over time and helps identify migration flows. (Greiner)
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neo-Malthusian
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Someone who shares the same general views of Thomas Malthus and argues that, since the world's resources are limited, there is also a natural limit to the number of people the Earth can support at a comfortable standard of living. (Greiner)
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net migration
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A measure of migration-based population change in a place; calculated as the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants. (Greiner)
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physiological density
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The number of people per unit area of arable land. (Greiner)
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Population doubling time
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The number of years it takes a population to double; calculated by dividing the number 70 by the rate of natural increase. (Greiner)
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population ecology
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The study of the impacts populations have on their environments as well as the ways in which environmental conditions affect people and their livelihoods. (Greiner)
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population geography
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The study of spatial variations among populations and population-environment interactions. (Greiner)
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population pyramid
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A bar graph that shows the age and gender composition of a population. (Greiner)
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pull factors
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Favorable conditions or attributes of a place that attract migrants. (Greiner)
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push factors
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Unfavorable conditions or attributes of a place that encourage migration. (Greiner)
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rate of internal increase (RNI)
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the percentage of annual growth in a population excluding migration. (Greiner)
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refugee
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One who flees to another country out of concern for personal safety or to avoid persecution. (Greiner)
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Remittance
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The cash, goods, or other in-kind transfers sent by immigrants to family members or relatives in their home country. (Greiner)
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replacement level
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The fertility rate necessary for a population to replace itself. (Greiner)
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sex ratio
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The proportion of males to females in a population. (Greiner)
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total fertility rate (TFR)
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The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her childbearing hears (15-49), given current birth rates. (Greiner)
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Transnationalism
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In migration studies, the process by which immigrants develop and cultivate ties to more than one country. (Greiner)
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unauthorized immigrant
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also called an undocumented or illegal immigrant in the United States; person who enters a country on a temporary visa but remains in the country after the visa expires, or who crosses the border without being detected. (Greiner)
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Accent
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Differences in pronunciation among speakers of a language.
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Creole Language
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A language that develops from a pidgin language and is taught as a first language.
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Dialect
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A particular variety of a language characterized by distinctive vocabulary, grammar, and/or pronunciation.
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Dialect Geography
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The study of the spatial patterns of dialect usage.
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Endangered Language
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A language that is no longer taught to children by their parents and is not used for everyday conversation.
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Extinct Language
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A language that has no living speakers; also called a dead language.
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Hearth
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A place or region where an innovation, idea, belief, or cultural practices begin.
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Isogloss
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A line that marks a boundary of word usage.
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Language
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A system of communication based on symbols that have agreed-upon meanings.
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Language Family
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A collection of languages that share a common but distant ancestor.
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Lingua Franca
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A language that is used to facilitate trade or business between people who speak different languages.
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Linguistic Diversity
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The assortment of languages in a particular area.
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Linguistic Diversity Index (LDI)
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A measure that expresses the likelihood that two randomly selected in a country speak different first languages.
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Linguistic Dominance
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A situation in which one language becomes comparatively more powerful than another language.
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Loanword
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A word that originates in one language and is incorporated into the vocabulary of another language.
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Mutual Intelligibility
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The ability of speakers of different but related languages to understand one another.
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Official Language
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A language that a country formally designates, usually in its constitution, for use in political, legal, and administrative affairs.
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Pidgin Language
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A language that combines vocabulary and/or grammatical practices from two or more languages that have come in contact.
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Standard Dialect
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The designation of a specific dialect as the norm or authoritative model of language usage.
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Toponym
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A place-name.
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Animistic Religion
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A system of beliefs and practices that incorporates veneration of spirits or deities associated with natural features such as mountains, trees, or rivers. |
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Atheistic
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The belief that there is no deity.
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Caste System
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A hierarchical form of social stratification historically associated with Hinduism.
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Civil Religion
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A set of beliefs and practices that takes shape when religious notion, symbols, and rituals infuse the political culture of an area, as for example when people share the collective belief that a country's constitution is sacred.
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Cosmogony
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A set of beliefs that provides and explanation of the beginning of the world.
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Diaspora
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The scattering of a people through forced migration.
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Environmental Stewardship
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The view that people should be responsible managers of the Earth and its resources.
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Ethnic Religion
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A belief system largely confined to the members of a single ethnic or cultural group.
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Geopiety
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The religious-like reverence that people may develop for the Earth.
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Islamic Traditionalism
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A movement that favors a return to or preservation of traditional, premodern Islam and resists Westernization and globalization.
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Jihad
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A term that is popularly understood to mean "holy war" but is preferable translated as "utmost struggle" and refers to a personal struggle to uphold the tenets of Islam.
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Megachurch
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A church with 2000 or more members that follows mainline or Renewalist Christian theologies.
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Modernism
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An intellectual movement that has roots in the European Enlightenment of the 1700's and encourages scientific thought, the expansion of knowledge, and belief in the inevitability of progress.
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Monotheistic
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The belief in or devotion to a single deity.
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Peity (Piousness)
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A state of deep devotion to religion.
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Pilgrimage
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A journey to a sacred place or site for religious reasons.
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Polytheistic
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The belief in or devotion to multiple deities.
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Religion
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A system of beliefs and practices that help people make sense of the universe and their place in it.
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Religious Ecology
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The interdependence between people, their religious beliefs and practices, and nature.
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Religious Fundamentalism
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An interpretation of the principles of one's faith in such a way that they come to shape all aspects of one's private and public life.
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Renewalism
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A branch of Christianity that includes the Pentecostal and Charismatic movements.
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Ritual Behavior
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, often regularly practiced, that has personal and symbolic meaning.
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Sacred Space
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An area that has special religious significance or meaning that makes it worthy of reverence or devotion.
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Sanctification
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The process by which people come to associate a place or site with sacredness; the making of a sacred site.
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Secularization
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A process that reduces the scope or influence of religion.
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Sharia
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Islamic law derived from the Qur'an, the teachings of Muhammad,and other sources.
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Syncretic Religion
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A religion that demonstrates a notable blending of beliefs and practices, usually as a result of contact between people who practice different religions.
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Universalizing Religion
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A belief system that is worldwide in scope, welcomes all people as potential adherents, and may also work actively to acquire converts.
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social construction
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an idea or a phenomenon that does not exist in nature but is created and given meaning by people
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Race
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refers to the highly influential but mistaken idea that one or more genetic traits can be used to identify distinctive and exclusive categories of people
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Racism
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the intolerance of people perceived to be inherently or genetically inferior
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ideology
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a system of ideas, beliefs, and values that justifies the views, practices, or orientation of a group
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human trafficking
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occurs when people are forcibly and/or fraudulently recruited for work in exploitative conditions
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institutional discrimination
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a situation in which the policies, practives, or laws of an organization or government disadvantage people because of their cultural differences
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Apartheid
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refers to the government-sponsored policy of racial segregation and discrimination that came to define the South
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Ascription
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occurs when people assign a certain quality or identity to other, or to themselves (self-ascription)
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Othering
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the act of differntiating between individuals and groups such that distinctions are made between "me" and "you" and "us and "them
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Ethnicity
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the personal and behavioral basis of an individual's identity that generates a sense of social belonging
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ethnic group
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people who share a collective identity that may derive from common ancestry, history, language, or religion, and who have a conscious sense of belonging to that group
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Discourse
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communication that provides insight on social values, attitudes, priorities, and ways of understanding the world
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ethnic geography
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a subfield of human geography that studies the migration and spatial distribution of ethnic groups, ethnic interaction and networks, and the various expressions or imprints of ethnicity in the landscape
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Ethenoscape
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a cultural landscape that reveals or expresses aspects of the identity of an ethnic group
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Assimilation
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refers to the gradual loss of the cultural traits, beliefs, and practices that distinguish immigrant ethnic groups and their members
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Pluralism
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a model of society that builds on the premise that members of immigrant ethnic groups resist pressures to assimilate and retain those traits, beliefs, and practices that make them distinctive
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Heterolocalism
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means that members of an ethnic group maintain their sense of shared identity even though they are residentially dispersed
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Location
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quotient shows how the proportional presence of an ethnic group in a region compares to the proportional presence of that same ethnic group in the country
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symbolic ethnicity
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the way in which a collectin of symcols imparts meaning and identity to members of an ethnic group
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environmental justice
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the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies
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gender role
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conveys the idea that there are certain social expectations, responsibilities, or rights associated with femininity and masculinity
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Transgender
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those who do not identify with the gender assigned them at birth
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Heterosexual
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norm a binary vision of the sexes based on clearly defined masculine and feminine gender roles
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Public
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space a kind of commons; a space intended to be open and accessible to anyone
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Gender gap
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a disparity between men and women in their opportunities, rights, or benefits, behavior, or attitudes
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