Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Name 3 viral causes of reproductive failure in swine in the US
|
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
- Porcine Pseudorabies - Porcine Parvovirus |
|
|
What genus of virus is Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
|
arterivirus
|
|
|
what genus of virus is Porcine Pseudorabies
|
Herpesvirus
|
|
|
What genus of virus is Porcine Parvovirus
|
parvovirus
|
|
|
Name 3 viral causes of respiratory disease in swine
|
- Swine influenza
- Porcine Pseudorabies - Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus |
|
|
What virus causes reproductive losses almost exclusively in gilts
|
Porcine Parvovirus
|
|
|
Name 2 small DNA viruses that cause fetal mummification in piglets
|
- porcine parvovirus
- porcine circovirus 2 |
|
|
a virus that can cause repro failure in breeding age pigs and progressive weight loss, emaciation, pneumonia, enteritis, and death in grower-finisher pigs
|
- Porcine Circovirus 2
|
|
|
name 2 swine viruses that are very resistant to environmental inactivation and that environmental contamination is an important source of infection
|
- Rotavirus
- Porcine Circovirus 2 |
|
|
How many serotypes and strains of PRRS are there?
Will vaccination prevent disease from a heterologous strain? |
- 2 serotypes
- many strains - vaccination not cross protective |
|
|
Age of pigs affected with PRRS
|
all ages and parities
|
|
|
CS of PRRS in breeding herd
|
fever, anorexia, abortions
|
|
|
CS of PRRS in:
- nursing pigs - weaned pigs |
- nursing pigs: weakness, dyspnea, tachypnea
- weaned pigs: fever, anorexia, poor weight gain |
|
|
Is PRRS susceptible to environmental inactivation?
|
yes
|
|
|
Transmission methods of PRRS
|
- all body fluids
- transplacental - semen - fomites |
|
|
Why does PRRS have an associated increased death loss due to bacterial diseases?
|
- PRRS virus replicates within mature or activated macrophages (trophism for alveolar macrophages)
- macrophages are important for cell mediated immunity, and phagocytizing of bacteria |
|
|
Why do PCV2 and Parvovirus have an affinity for tissues with a high rate of mitotic activity?
|
- PCV2 and parvovirus are both DNA viruses that lack DNA polymerase
- replication is dependent on host cellular DNA polymerase; which is only expressed during S-phase of cell cycle - so replication occurs only in the nucleus of rapidly dividing cells |
|
|
What type of infections is common for Pseudorabies?
Where would you find viral DNA in this type of infection? |
- latent infection
- trigeminal ganglia, olfactory bulbs, tonsils |
|
|
What is common name for porcine herpesvirus type 1
|
pseudorabies
|
|
|
What two species does Pseudorabies usually not infect?
|
- poultry
- horses |
|
|
Has Pseudorabies been eradicated in the US?
Why might a herd still get infected? |
- eradicated in commercial swine in the US
- still circulates in feral hogs, chance for infection |
|
|
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viral replication site
|
- macrophages (primarily alveolar macrophages)
|
|
|
Contagious ecthyma virus replication site
|
- epithelium of skin and mucosal membranes
- primary on face |
|
|
rotavirus replication site
|
- small intestine villi epithelium
|
|
|
swine influenza virus replication site
|
epithelium of respiratory bronchi
|
|
|
porcine parvovirus replication site
|
- rapidly dividing cells
- intestinal crypt epithelium |
|
|
caprine arthritis-encaphalomyelitis virus replication site
|
- macrophages
|
|
|
ovine progressive pneumonia virus replication site
|
- macrophages
|
|
|
tissue sample to diagnose contagious ecthyma
|
- skin biopsy
|
|
|
tissue sample to diagnose bluetongue
- alive -dead |
- heparinized blood from live animal
- spleen, liver, lymph nodes from dead animals |
|
|
sample to diagnose PRRS
|
serum
|
|
|
sample to diagnose ovine rotavirus
name 2 |
- small intestine section
- feces |
|
|
sample to diagnose transmissable gastroenteritis
name 2 |
- small intestine section
- feces |
|
|
sample to diagnose ovine progressive pneumonia
|
- lung, mammary glands, brain, synovial membranes
|
|
|
sample to diagnose scrapie
|
- obex of brain
|
|
|
name 2 porcine diseases that are foreign to the US, cause widespread hemorrhage, and cannot be differentiated clinically
|
- classical swine fever
- african swine fever |
|
|
what is the morphologic difference between porcine respiratory coronavirus and transmissable gastroenteritis
|
- porcine respiratory coronavirus is a mutant of TGE, with a deletion in the spike protein gene
|
|
|
what is the primary route of transmission for swine poxvirus
|
- Hematopinus suis, biting louse
|
|
|
where does transmissable gastroenteritis primarily replicate
|
- villous epithelium of the small intestine
|
|
|
causes of viral diarrhea in pigs
5 viruses |
- transmissable gastroenteritis (TGE)
- rotavirus - Porcine Circovirus 2 - Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus - Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus |
|
|
Is Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus found in the US?
Where is it found? |
- not in US
- Europe, Asia |
|
|
Arboviruses
name 4 and the vector |
- Cache Valley virus: mosquito
- Bluetongue virus: Culicoides midge - African Swine Fever virus: tick - Rift Valley Fever virus: mosquito |
|
|
What is important about the arbovirus African Swine Fever virus?
|
- it is the only DNA arbovirus
|
|
|
What is special about TGE disease pathogenesis?
Why does disease manifest after weaning? |
- dams secrete TGE specific IgA in the colostrum which protects nursing pigs
- Ab must be present in the lumen of the intestine to have effect - serum Ab are not protective - disease usually manifests 1-3 days after weaning as intestinal Ab drop below protective threshold |
|
|
what Influenza virus protein are neutralizing Abs produced against?
|
- Hemagglutinin
|
|
|
Name 2 Influenza virus proteins that:
- project from viral envelope - necessary for attachment - allow for escape of progeny - used for subtyping influenza viruses |
- hemagglutinin
- neuraminidase |
|
|
Scrapie resistance in the US is determined by AA at what codons; and which is the most important?
|
- codons 171, 136
- 171 most important |
|
|
what tissues and fluids are important for the transmissoin of scrapie?
|
- placental fluids
- brain |
|
|
Bluetongue is most severe in what species
|
- sheep
|
|
|
Bluetongue:
- type of virus - type of genome - genus |
- double stranded RNA virus
- segmented genome - Orbivirus |
|
|
How many serotypes of Bluetounge is there?
- how many serotypes in the US |
- 24 total
- 5 in the US |
|
|
Clinical symptoms of Bluetongue are a direct result of what viral process?
|
- CS caused by infection and replication within vascular endothelial cells
- vasculitis |
|
|
What ovine disease would cause lambs born with malformations that include: arthrogryposis, reduced muscle mass, hydranencephaly, porencephaly, microencephaly
|
- Cache Valley virus
|
|
|
How can some lambs be persistently infected with Border Disease?
When is the only time sheep become infected? |
- Disease only develops in sheep infected in utero
- infection prior to day 60 will result in persistent infection as lambs dont have immunocompetency before then - lambs infected after day 80 will develop a normal immune response, clear the virus and be born healthy and free of virus |
|
|
What are the most important differences between prions and viruses/bacteria?
3 things |
- prions have no nucleic acid
- prions are highly resistant to inactivation by UV light, ionizing raditation, disinfectants, heat - prions are host cell protiens, just misfolded |
|
|
Name the 4 vesicular diseases and what species they infect
|
- Vesicular stomatitis: swine, ruminant, equine
- foot and mouth: swine, ruminant - swine vesicular disease: swine - vesicular exanthema of swine: swine |
|
|
name 3 viruses that cause reproductive failure in swine in the US
|
- porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
- pseudorabies - porcine parvovirus |
|
|
name 4 viral causes of respiratory disease in swine
|
- porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
- swine influenza - porcine circovirus type 2 - pseudorabies virus |
|
|
which reproductive disease is exclusive for gilts
|
- porcine parvovirus
|
|
|
name 2 small DNA viruses that cause fetal mummification in pigs
|
- porcine circovirus type 2
- porcine parvovirus |
|
|
- what pig virus can cause reproductive failure in breeding age pigs, and progressive weight loss, emaciation, pneumonia, enteritis and death in grower-finisher pigs
|
- porcine circovirus type 2
|
|
|
name 2 swine viruses that are very resistant to environmental inactivation
|
- porcine rotavirus
- porcine parvovirus |
|
|
why are pigs important to influenza viruses?
|
- possess both avian and human receptors
- allow for viral re-assortment |
|
|
Why should people who work with swine be vaccinated against human influenza?
2 reasons |
- prevent transmission of human influenza viruses to pigs
- hemagglutinin and neuraminidase H3N2 swine influenza viruses were originally derived from human influenza viruses |
|
|
what porcine disease would cause illness and abortions in the breeding herd and respiratory disease and increased death loss in nursing through finishing pigs
|
- porcine reproductive and respiratory disease
|
|
|
PRRS is easily inactivated in the environment
True or False |
- true
|
|
|
PRRS routes of transmission
name 4 |
- addition of new pigs
- fomites i.e. boots - possible aerosol - semen |
|
|
Does Pseudorabies infect dogs, cats, or ruminants?
|
- yes, rapidly progressing and fatal disease
|
|
|
PRRS is resistant to inactivation by detergents and disinfectants
T or F |
False
|
|
|
what is the most important means of introduction of a virus to a farm?
|
- bringing in infected pigs
|
|
|
what pH is PRRS most stable?
|
- 6.5 to 7.5
|
|
|
What is the type, genome, and genus of PRRS?
|
- enveloped
- single stranded RNA - Arterivirus |
|
|
Name 5 fluids that PRRS virus is present in
|
- blood
- feces - semen - saliva - urine |
|
|
When hemorrhage is a clinical sign, what two swine diseases come to mind?
|
- classical swine fever
- porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome |
|
|
What swine viral disease is associated with increased secondary bacterial infections?
|
- porcine circovirus type 2
|
|
|
Porcine respiratory coronavirus is what virus with a deletion in the spike protein gene?
|
- transmissable gastroenteritis virus
|
|
|
what effect does the spike protein mutation have on porcine respiratory corona virus?
2 things |
- the deletion alters the surface receptor
- infection with porcine respiratory coronavirus lessens the effects of TGE |
|
|
name 4 viruses that persist for long periods of time in the environment, and for which environment-animal transmission is important
|
- porcine circovirus type 2
- porcine rotavirus - porcine parvovirus - contagious ecthyma virus |
|
|
how are porcine herpes virus 1 and caprine herpes virus 1 similiar?
3 ways |
- both cause abortion
- high mortality in neonates - both result in lifelong infection |
|
|
What swine virus causes an increase in third trimester abortions, with litters containing stillborn, autolyzed, mummified, and weak piglets?
|
- PRRS
|
|
|
What do abortions from pigs infected with porcine parvovirus consist of?
4 things |
- birth of term litters
- mummified and autolyzed piglets of different sizes - stillborn piglets - normal live piglets |
|
|
what 2 swine viruses cause enlarged lymph nodes?
what is the reasoning for each virus? |
- PRRS: causes polyclonal B cell stimulation and lymphoid hyperplasia
- PCV2: lymphoid depletion, infiltration by macrophages |
|
|
Name the 3 pestiviruses of swine and ruminants
|
- classical swine fever virus
- border disease virus - bovine viral diarrhea virus |
|
|
In 1998, H3N2 influenza A viruses from human influenza viruses suddenly appeared and began circulating in pigs.
What is this an example of? What is the result? |
- reassortment
- results in antigenic shift |
|
|
name 2 lentiviruses of sheep and goats
|
- ovine progressive pneumonia
- caprine arthritis-encephalymyelitis |
|
|
what is the result when a virus continually undergoes mutation in the infected host, causing small changes in antigenicity and helps the virus evade host immune response?
|
- antigenic drift
|
|
|
What is the reason that avian viruses rarely infect humans directly?
|
- humans lack the alpha2,3 sialic acid receptors that avian viruses attach to
|
|
|
diarrhea from this swine disease is partially the result of a viral enterotoxin that causes increased secretion into the intestine
|
- porcine rotavirus
|
|
|
diarrhea from these 2 viruses is partially the result of malabsorption secondary to loss of villous epithelium
|
- TGE
- porcine rotavirus |
|
|
Name 3 results of in utero infection with Border disease?
|
- born persistently infected
- born normal and uninfected with neutralizing Abs - aborted |
|
|
name the only vesicular disease found in the US
|
- vesicular stomatitis
|
|
|
name the 3 viruses with segmented genomes
|
- bluetongue virus
- porcine and ovine rotaviruses - swine influenza virus |
|
|
name the single most important method of transmission for scrapie
|
- ingestion of prions from infected placental tissues and fluids by neonates
|
|
|
What makes sheep resistant to scrapie?
|
- homozygous for arginine (RR) at codon 171 of the PrP gene
|
|
|
What is the most common lesion found with Bluetongue?
|
- hemorrhage of the internal or external surfaces of the pulmonary artery near the base
|
|
|
If a sheep herd is having an outbreak of Bluetongue, why might vaccination with a MLV serotype 10 vaccination be contraindicated?
3 things |
- MLV vaccines can cause abortion and fetal abnormalities
- vaccine strain can reassort with wild-type virus - Culicoides can pick up and transmit reassorted virus |
|
|
Name 4 arboviruses that affect swine, sheep, and goats
|
- bluetongue
- cache valley virus - african swine fever virus - vesicular stomatitus virus |
|
|
name 3 viruses that can cause congenital brain malformations in sheep
|
- cache valley virus
- bluetongue virus - border disease virus |
|
|
replication site for TGE
|
- intestinal villous epithelium
|
|
|
replication site for ovine progressive pneumonia virus
|
- macrophages
|
|
|
replication site for contagious ecythyma virus
|
- epithelium of skin
|
|
|
replication site for PRRS
|
- macrophages
|
|
|
replication site for bluetongue
|
- endothelial cells
|
|
|
replication site for caprine arthritis-encephalomyelitis virus
|
- macrophages
|
|
|
replication site for porcine parvovirus
|
- fetal tissues
- also lymphoid tissue and intestinal crypt cells - NO CS except reproductive failure |
|
|
replication site for prions
|
neurons
|
|
|
replication site for swine influenza virus
|
- respiratory epithelium
|
|
|
replication site for rotaviruses
|
- intestinal villous epithelium
|
|
|
replication site for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus
|
- endothelial cells
|
|
|
what is the most important method of transmission for border disease virus?
timeline? |
- transplacental
- before days 60-85 |
|
|
name the 4 vesicular diseases
|
- vesicular stomatitis
- foot and mouth disease - swine vesicular virus - vesicular exanthema virus |
|
|
name 4 ways that ovine progressive pneumonia and caprine arthritis-encephalomyelitis are similar
where do these viruses replicate? |
- caused by lentiviruses
- lifelong infection - most infected animals do not show CS - in animals with CS, disease is progressive - replicate within macrophages |
|
|
PRRS genome
|
RNA
|
|
|
pseudorabies genome
|
DNA
|
|
|
PCV2 genome
|
DNA
|
|
|
what virus that causes reproductive losses is almost exclusively in gilts
|
- porcine parvovirus
|
|
|
name 2 viral disease that causes reproductive losses in all parities of females
|
- Pseudorabies
- PRRS |
|
|
Pseudorabies shows trophism for what 2 tissues?
|
- CNS
- respiratory |
|
|
name the 2 primary causes of viral diarrhea of pigs in the US.
Which is most severe? Mortality %? |
- porcine rotavirus
- TGE - TGE mortality is > 90% in nursing piglets |
|
|
if Pseudorabies is suspected in a barn, what would you expect for morbidity and mortality, in what age of pigs?
|
- 100% morbidity
- 100% mortality in pigs less than 2 weeks old |
|
|
what is the most contagious disease in the world?
|
- FMD
|
|
|
CS:
- red to black spots on the skin, most prominent on the hind quarters - purple discoloration of the ears - swollen kidneys with hemorrhage - splenic infarcts - what 2 viruses would be top of the differential list? |
- classical swine fever
- porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome |
|
|
name the 2 vesicular diseases found in both cattle and swine
|
- FMD
- vesicular stomatitis |
|
|
why are pigs considered to be an amplifier for FMD?
|
- produce 1000-3000 times more virus than other domestic species
|
|
|
name the 2 maintenance hosts for FMD
|
- sheep and goats
|
|
|
Bluetongue genome
|
RNA
|
|
|
epizootic hemorrhagic fever virus genome
|
RNA
|
|
|
rift valley fever virus genome
|
RNA
|
|
|
african swine fever virus genome
|
DNA
|
|
|
cache valley virus genome
|
RNA
|
|
|
what is the most important animal pox virus?
why? |
- sheep and goat poxvirus
- high mortality |
|
|
what is the most important viral disease of goats?
transmission? Do infected animals usually show signs? |
- caprine arthritis-encephalomyelitis virus
- transmission in colostrum and milk - most infections are subclinical |
|
|
do animals infected with ovine progressive pneumonia and caprine arthritis-encephalomyelitis usually show CS?
|
no, most infections are subclinical
|
|
|
most important mode of transmission for ovine progressive pneumonia
|
- aerosol
|
|
|
2 major syndromes present in caprine arthritis-encephalomyelitis
|
- encephalomyelitis in kids 2-4 months old
- arthritis in adult goats over 1 year old |
|
|
name the three related Pestiviruses and the species they infect
|
- border disease: sheep
- hog cholera: swine - BVDV: cattle |
|
|
name 4 viruses with a segmented genome
|
- bluetongue
- EHD - swine influenza - rotaviruses |
|
|
what is the significance of a segmented genome?
|
- allows for reassortment
|
|
|
CS:
- arthrogryposis - skeletal muslce hypoplasia - what virus are you thinking? |
- cache valley virus
|
|
|
in relation to scrapie testing: what group is most susceptible?
- RR at codon 171 - RQ at codon 171 - QQ at codon 171 |
- QQ at codon 171 are homozygous susceptible
- RR at codon 171 are homozygous resistant |
|
|
what virus is of concern to alpaca and llama breeders?
|
- BVDV
|
|
|
2 major syndromes of ovine progressive pneumonia
|
- interstitial pneumonia
- encephalomyelitis |
|
|
ovine pulmonary carcinomatosis CS
why is this important? |
- fluids run from the nose if the legs are raised and the head is lowered
- important to differentiate from ovine progressive pneumonia |
|
|
contagious ecthyma lesions are most commonly found where
name 3 locations |
- mouth
- distal legs - udder |
|
|
does sheeppox and goatpox occur in the US
|
no
|
|
|
in white tailed deer, EHD can be caused by what 2 viruses?
|
- EHD virus
- bluetongue virus |
|
|
major CS for ovine and caprine rotavirus
|
- diarrhea
|
|
|
PRRS affects what parity of swine?
|
all parities
|
|
|
post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome is caused by what virus?
|
- PCV type 2
|
|
|
porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome is caused by what virus?
|
- PCV2
|
|
|
PCV2 has an affinity for what type of cell (in general)?
why? |
- rapidly dividing cells
- virus is dependent on host DNA polymerase, only expressed during S phase of cell cycle |
|
|
what things are included in the standard nomenclature for influenza viruses?
|
- type
- animal species - strain number - year of isolation - subtype |
|
|
in pigs that survive the acute infection with this virus, viral replication comes latent and stress can induce reactivation and shedding?
|
- pseudorabies
|
|
|
pathognomonic necropsy lesions for pseudorabies
|
- pinpoint white foci of necrosis on liver, spleen, tonsils
|
|
|
what is important to know about MLV pseudorabies vaccines?
|
- infectious for sheep and maybe other species
- should not vaccinate animals other than pigs |
|
|
is IgG in serum protective for rotavirus?
what is? |
- IgG not protective
- must have IgA in intestine |
|
|
is classical swine fever (hog cholera) present in the US?
|
no
|
|
|
severe leukopenia is seen with what swine disease?
|
classical swine fever
|
|
|
what is the most important sample to collect for diagnosis of classical swine fever?
|
tonsil
|
|
|
name the only DNA arbovirus
|
african swine fever
|
|
|
what is special about immunity to african swine fever?
|
- neutralizing Abs are not produced
|
|
|
FMD cross protection
serotype subtype |
- no cross protection for serotypes
- variable cross protection for subtypes |
|
|
Name 5 transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and the species they infect
hint: sheep,cattle, mink, deer, human |
- scrapie: sheep
- bovine spongiform encephalopathy: cattle - transmissible mink encephalopathy: mink - chronic wasting disease: deer - variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: humans |
|
|
What is an approved method for inactivating prions?
|
>2% hypochorite (bleach) solution for over an hour
|
|
|
Chronic wasting disease is known to be horizontally transmissable in what species?
|
- deer
- elk - moose |
|
|
Are blood and saliva considered to be infective for CWD?
|
yes
- it is proposed all body fluids are infective |
|
|
name 4 diseases of sheep/goats that are retroviruses
|
- ovine progressive pneumonia
- caprine arthritis- encephalomyelitis - ovine pulmonary carcinomatosis - enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma |
|
|
The most important method of transmission of ovine progressive pneumonia virus is
|
- aerosol
|
|
|
The most important method of transmission of caprine arthritis-encephalomyelitis virus is
|
- colostrum and milk
|
|
|
Which of the following are foreign animal diseases (hint:5)
a) Contagious ecthyma b) Sheep and goat pox c) Swine pox d) Foot and mouth disease e) Vesicular stomatitis f) Cache Valley virus g) Classical swine fever h) Rift Valley fever i) Bluetongue j) Caprine herpesvirus k) vesicular exanthema of swine virus |
sheep and goat pox
foot and mouth disease Classical swine fever Rift Valley fever Vesicular exanthema of swine virus |
|
|
Once a goat herd is infected with caprine herpesvirus, the herd will likely remain infected
unless measures are undertaken to eradicate the virus Why? |
The virus becomes latent in infected animals and can recrudesce and be transmitted to
naive animals during times of stress |
|
|
Which of the following viruses cause congenital defects in swine and small ruminants?
a) Foot and mouth disease virus b) Vesicular stomatitis virus c) Bluetongue virus d) Classical swine fever virus e) Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus f) Border disease virus g) Cache valley virus h) Sheep and goat pox virus |
Bluetongue
classical swine fever Border disease virus Cache Valley virus |
|
|
What other species is at risk for infection with Equine Herpesvirus?
|
- Llama and alpacas
|
|
|
if a vesicular disease outbreak occurred in the US, what virus would it be?
|
vesicular stomatitis virus
|
|
|
Name 5 viruses of swine or sheep/goat that are zoonotic
|
- swine influenza virus
- contagious ecthyma - Rift Valley fever - Rotavirus - vesicular stomatitis |
