Veterinary Anatomy Thorax Concepts

Front 1

Which species have a tracheal bronchus?

Back 1

the artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates): pigs, cows, deer, sheep, goats

Front 2

What is the lobation of the carnivore lungs?

Back 2

Left: cranial lobe (which has a cranial and caudal portion) and a caudal lobe
Right: cranial lobe, middle lobe, caudal lobe, and accessory lobe

Front 3

What is the lobation of the lungs of a pig?

Back 3

Left: cranial lobe (which has a cranial and caudal portion) and a caudal lobe
Right: cranial lobe, middle lobe, caudal lobe, and accessory lobe

ie the same as a dog, but with a tracheal bronchus feeding the cranial right lobe.

Front 4

What is the lobation of the lungs of a cow?

Back 4

Left: cranial lobe (which has a cranial and caudal portion) and a caudal lobe
Right: cranial lobe (which has a cranial and caudal portion and is fed by the tracheal bronchus), middle lobe, caudal lobe, and accessory lobe

Front 5

What is the lobation of the lungs of a horse?

Back 5

Left: cranial lobe, caudal lobe
Right: cranial lobe, caudal lobe, and accessory lobe.
***Note the lungs are grossly not lobated except for the accessory, but the cardiac notches are used to divide the regions.

Front 6

What are the points used to describe the ascultation triangle?

Back 6

caudal line of the scapula to the olecranon
the caudal angle of the scapula to the tuber coxae of the pelvis
the olecranon of the ulna to the next-to-last intercostal space

Front 7

what is the carina?

Back 7

the bifurcation point of the trachea onto the two primary bronchii. this term means "keel," and refers tot he shape of the structure.

Front 8

what is the hilus of the lung?

Back 8

This term describes the portion of the lung closest to where the bronchii and blood vessels enter and leave the lung structure.

Front 9

What species have a "right dominant" heart?

Back 9

Human, horse and pig

Front 10

What does "right dominant" heart refer to?

Back 10

When the subsinuosal artery is fed by the right coronary artery (as opposed to the left).

Front 11

In a "left dominant" heart, what is the pattern of the coronary vessels?

Back 11

The left coronary artery gives rise to the paraconal interventricular artery and the left circumflex artery, which curves around the caudal base of the heart and then feeds the subsinuosal interventricular artery. The right coronary artery turns into the right circumflex and diminishes rapidly.

Front 12

What species have a left azygos vein?

Back 12

the artiodactyls (even-toes ungulates such as pigs, sheep, goats, cows)

Front 13

What are they key factors in determining the species of a heart?

Back 13

Size, shape (ruminant hearts are cone-like and horse hearts are valentine-like), coronary artery pattern, fat appearance (horse coronary fat tends to be yellow), presence of a left azygos vein (horse does not have one!)

Front 14

What species have a large, single brachiocephalic trunk that comes off the aorta to give rise to the other cranial arteries?

Back 14

cows, horses (other ruminants?)

Front 15

What species have a small brachiocephalic trunk that branches off the aorta next to the left subclavian to give rise to the other cranial arteries?

Back 15

dog, pig

Front 16

What is the position of the canine heart in relation to the ribs?

Back 16

3rd to 6th rib

Front 17

What is the difference in the cat's position of the heart in relation to the ribs, when compared to the dog?

Back 17

the heart lies caudal by 1 set of ribs

Front 18

What is the difference in the pig/ruminant position of the heart in relation to the ribs, when compared to the dog?

Back 18

the heart lies cranial by 1 set of ribs

Front 19

What is the difference in the horse's position of the heart in relation to the ribs, when compared to the dog?

Back 19

the heart lies cranial by 1 rib, and the caudal end remains the same.

Front 20

What are the sites for thoracocentesis?

Back 20

usually 1 to 2 rib spaces behind the last rib associated with heart position.
example: in the dog where the heart lies from rib 3 to 6, it is recommended to use the 7th to 8th intercostal space.

Front 21

What are the features of the auricular surface of the heart?

Back 21

both the left and right auricles are visible, as well as the pulmonic trunk.

Front 22

What are the features of the atrial surface of the heart?

Back 22

both the left and right atria are visible, as well as the entrance of the cranial and caudal vena cavae into the right atrium.

Front 23

What structures are served by the vertebral nerve?

Back 23

this nerve provides sympathetic innvervation of the neck. The fibers branch off along with the somatic spinal nerve fibers at each intervertebral foramen.

Front 24

What structures in general are served by the vagus nerve?

Back 24

heart, lungs, abdominal viscera as well as larynx

Front 25

What type of nerve is the vagus?

Back 25

It is a parasympathetic nerve, and is is cranial nerve X (ten).

Front 26

What type of nerve is the phrenic?

Back 26

This is a somatic motor neuron, which is made from branches of caudal cervical spinal nerves.

Front 27

What does the phrenic nerve innervate?

Back 27

the diaphragm.

Front 28

What structures are served by the cranial-running sympathetic nerves in the vagosympathetic trunk?

Back 28

These nerves are destined to innervate structures of the head.

Front 29

what are the described boundaries of the vagosympathetic trunk?

Back 29

This nerve structure runs between the cranial and middle cervical ganglia.

Front 30

What is the other name for the stellate ganglion?

Back 30

the cervicothoracic ganglion

Front 31

What are the three main groups of thoracic lymph nodes?

Back 31

sternal
mediastinal
tracheobronchial

Front 32

What are the divisions of the mediastinal lymph nodes?

Back 32

cranial, middle, and caudal

The caudal is important especially in ruminants

Front 33

What species is the heart likely to belong to?

Back 33

Horse (the subsinuosal interventricular artery is fed by the right coronary artery)
Similar to the pig, but there is no left azygos vein visible.

Front 34

What species does this heart belong to?

Back 34

The Ox. It is large, the subsinuosal interventricular artery is fed by the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery, a caudal artery/vein is just visible and a left azygos vein is seen joining with the coronary sinus.

Front 35

What species does this heart belong to?

Back 35

Canine. The subsinuosal interventricular artery is fed by the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery, there is no visible left azygos, the first aorta offshoot branches into two main vessels instead of a single brachiocephalic trunk, and the shape is rounder than a horse.