Veterinary Anatomy And Physiology Reproduction Pregnancy

Front 1

Epididymis

Back 1

coiled tube adjacent to testis functioning as sperm maturation and storage site

Front 2

Scrotum

Back 2

sac of skin housing the testes

Front 3

Cremaster muscle

Back 3

passes through inguinal ring and attaches to scrotum. Adjusts position of testes to regulate their temperature.

Front 4

penis 3 parts

Back 4

1. Root – attaches penis to the brim of pelvis via two bands of connective tissue, the crura
2. Body – 2 bundles of connective tissue and blood-filled sinuses. Sinuses engorge with blood to create erections (less so in bull – see later)
3. Glans – tip of penis, varies among species

Front 5

Bulb of the glans (bulbus glandis) os penis (dog)

Back 5

sphere of erectile tissue that engorges and “locks” or “ties” the male into the female’s vagina. Persists as long as 30- 40 minutes

Front 6

Urethral process Ram/Buck Penis

Back 6

an appendage at the end of the penis containing the urethra
Site of urethral obstruction in these species

Front 7

Spermatocytes

Back 7

– cells that produce spermatozoa (sperm) via spermatogenesis

Front 8

Sertoli cells

Back 8

– “nurse cells” attached to immature spermatozoa

Front 9

Interstitial cells

Back 9

– produce androgens

Front 10

Prostate

Back 10

all species have prostates. In men, encircles urethra so prostatomegaly => dysuria.
In dogs, prostate bulges dorsally into rectum so prostatomegaly => tenesmus
Seminal vesicles
Bulbourethral glands/Cowper’s glands

Front 11

Accessory Reproductive Glands

Back 11

contribute to the fluid portion of semen. Vary by species. All empty into urethra

Front 12

Urethra

Back 12

located within the penis, delivers both urine from the bladder and semen from the testes/accessory reproductive glands

Front 13

Vas deferens/Ductus deferens

Back 13

connects epididymis to urethra. Tube conveying sperm and ejaculate to urethra.

Front 14

Spermatic cord

Back 14

contains testicular artery, vein, lymphatic vessels and vas deferens

Front 15

Seminiferous tubules

Back 15

– organized tubules of spermatocytes

Front 16

Rete testis

Back 16

– system of ducts connected to seminiferous tubules

Front 17

Ovary

Back 17

– located caudal to the kidney in the peritoneal cavity

Front 18

Oviduct/Fallopian Tube

Back 18

Opening to the oviduct called infundibulum

Front 19

Uterus

Back 19

– 2 horns and a body in domestic mammals (vs. body only in women). Length of horns reflects potential number of offspring

Front 20

Endometrium

Back 20

– epithelial lining
Changes in endometrium over time are responsible for pyometra. Endometriosis is a disease of the uterine lining in women.

Front 21

Myometrium

Back 21

– muscular layer

Front 22

Perimetrium

Back 22

– connective tissue outer layer

Front 23

Cervix

Back 23

muscular

Front 24

Vagina

Back 24

– from cervix to vulva

Front 25

Vulva

Back 25

– composed of

Front 26

Vestibule

Back 26

1.– anatomically difficult to differentiate from vagina

Front 27

Clitoris

Back 27

2.– penis homolog; clitoral fossa is a blind pouch ventral to it, a place to “dead end” when trying to pass a urethral catheter

Front 28

Labia

Back 28

3.– vulvar lips

Front 29

Uterine leiomyosarcoma

Back 29

– malignant tumor of the myometrium

Front 30

Uterine leiomyoma

Back 30

benign

Front 31

estrous cycle Aka “heat cycle”
Period of time from one cycle to the next

Back 31

Controlled by FSH and LH

Front 32

Stages of the Estrous Cycle

Back 32

Proestrus
Estrus
Metestrus
Diestrus
Anestrus

Front 33

pro-estrous

Back 33

The time in mating when the male is attracted to the female, but she is not attracted to him

Front 34

estrous

Back 34

receptive period

Front 35

metestrous

Back 35

the prep hormonally for the uterine wall to receive the egg

Front 36

diestrous

Back 36

corpus luteim max size

Front 37

anestrous

Back 37

period of inactivity

Front 38

Vaginal epithelium reflects

Back 38

hormonal state of the animal

Front 39

Swabs of vaginal epithelium can accurately differentiate between

Back 39

proestrus, estrus and diestrus and tell when ovulation has taken place (but not predict it)

Front 40

Polyestrous

Back 40

– cattle and swine
many estrous cycles

Front 41

Seasonally polyestrous

Back 41

horse, sheep, cat come in heat on certain seasons

Front 42

Diestrous

Back 42

dog heat twice year

Front 43

Monoestrous

Back 43

– some exotics once a year

Front 44

induced ovulators

Back 44

can get pregnant at any time

Front 45

Follicle

Back 45

– an immature oocyte surrounded by layer of follicular cells

Front 46

FSH

Back 46

causes activation of the follicle and follicular cells start to grow, transforming into granulosa cells
Granulosa cells produce estrogen

Front 47

Oviducts are lined with------ and have----- muscle which work together to move ovum towards uterus

Back 47

cilia, smooth

Front 48

Copulation causes release of------ which leads to contractions of uterus and oviducts and moves sperm rapidly to oviducts

Back 48

oxytocin
Sperm are waiting for freshly ovulated ova in oviducts

Front 49

Capacitation

Back 49

Changes undergone by sperm once inside female reproductive tract to increase their ability to fertilize ovum

Front 50

Fertilization

Back 50

One sperm succeeds in penetrating the ovum and changes immediately take place in the ovum’s cell wall preventing other sperm from penetrating

Front 51

Zygote

Back 51

– a fertilized ovum

Front 52

Cleavage

Back 52

Zygote divides over and over without increasing in size

Front 53

Morula

Back 53

– solid mass of cells, too numerous to count

Front 54

Blastocyst

Back 54

– hollow ball of cells with a “bump” on one side, the future embryo

Front 55

Blastocyst implants on the uterine wall which has been made receptive by the effects of

Back 55

estrogen

Front 56

Amnion

Back 56

– layer of placenta around fetus, contains the amniotic sac

Front 57

Allantois

Back 57

– layer of placenta surrounding amniotic sac, forms the allantoic sac

Front 58

Chorion

Back 58

– layer attaching to the uterus

Front 59

diffuse placenta

Back 59

Placenta attached to the entire surface of the uterus
detach easily
horses and pigs

Front 60

cotyledonary placentation

Back 60

Dozens of complicated, puzzle piece-like attachment sites
Ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats)

Front 61

zonary placenta

Back 61

Placenta attaches in a “belt” around fetus
detach easily
Dogs and cats

Front 62

discoid placenta

Back 62

Humans, other primates, rodents and rabbits

Single, disc-shaped attachment

Front 63

2 Umbilical arteries

Back 63

– carry unoxygenated, waste-filled blood from fetus to placenta

Front 64

One Umbilical vein

Back 64

– carries nutrient and oxygen-rich blood from placenta to fetus

Front 65

Urachus

Back 65

– tube from fetus’ urinary bladder to allantoic sac. Collects “urine”

Front 66

Patent urachus

Back 66

remnant of urachus that causes urine to drain from umbilicus.
Predisposes to UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) and Sepsis

Front 67

Involution

Back 67

is the return of the uterus to its non-pregnant state

Front 68

Absence of hormones

Back 68

– default to female

Front 69

Primary sexual characteristics

Back 69

The sex organs themselves, along with all their associated ducts and glands are referred to as the

Front 70

Secondary sexual characteristics

Back 70

are structures which will enhance reproduction, but are not necessarily required.
Example, beard growth in men