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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The most common demyelinating disorder
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MS
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MS Definition
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autoimmune demyelinating disorder separated by time and space.
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Clincially MS is a
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relapsing and remitting disease
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What symptom is pathopneuomonic for MS
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Interocular opthalmoplegia (can't look medially but can still converge)
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What is the initial symptom of MS
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Optic neuritis
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What imaging is best for MS
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MRI
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The CSF in MS contains
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Immunoglobulins with Oligoclonal bands
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What is Interocular Opthalmoplegia
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MLF lesion. (CN 6 nucleus to contralateral CN3 nucleus). Inability to look medially during lateral gaze with nystagmus in abducting eye. Convergence normal. In MS
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MS Geographic prevalence
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MS increases with increased distance from equator.
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MS Pathology
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Periventricular plaques.
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Classic Triad of MS
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SIN
Scanning Speech Intention Tremor Nystagmus |
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MS treatment
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Beta Interferon or Immunosuppressive Therapy
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MS Demographics affected.
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Women in 20's and 30's. White more common.
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JC Virus causes
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PML (Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy). Infects Oligodendrocytes causing demyelination in AIDS patients.
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Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis is a
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demyelinating disease caused post infectiously
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Dysmyelinating Leukodystrophy
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Methachromatic Leukodystrophy (inherited lysosomal storage disorder)
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Wernicke Encephalopathy causes
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memory disturbance due to Hemorrhage and necrosis of Mamillary Bodies. Caused by Thiamine Deficiency (BeriBeri) due commonly to Chronic Alcoholism, but also gastric disorders. Related to irreversible Korsakoff Syndrome.
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Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord caused by
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Vitamin B12 deficiency.
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Most common cause of Dementia in elderly
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Alzheimer's
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Alzheimer's results in
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Extracellular ABeta (Beta amyloid plaques) which also cause intracellular Tau Tangles.
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Familiar Alzheimer's associated with
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Chromosomes 1, 14, 19 (APOE4), 21 (p-App gene)
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2nd most common cause of Dementia in elderly
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Multi-infarct dementia
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Parkinson's main symptoms
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TRAPM
Tremor (at rest) cogwheel Rigidity Akinesia Postural Instability Masked facies |
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Parkinson's is associated with
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Lewy bodies and depigmentation of Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (Loss of Dopamine => loss of Direct Pathway).
Linked with MPTP. |
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Direct Pathway
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Via Internal Globus Pallidus - facilitates movement
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Indirect Pathway
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Via External Globus Pallidus - Inhibits movement.
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Parkinson's Drugs
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BALSA
Bromocriptine - dop agaonist Amantidine - inc dop release L Dopa Selegiline - MAO B inhib. prevent dopa brkdwn AntiM (Benztropine)- curb excess cholinergic act. |
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Huntington's main Symptoms and Demographics
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Chorea, Dementia.
Male's in 40's and 50's. Earlier with longer repeats. |
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Huntington's is caused by
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Autosomal Dominant CAG repeats in Chromosome 4 gene leading to atrophy of Caudate
CAG - Caudate loses Ach and GABA |
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Loss of Upper Motor Neurons
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Hyperreflexia, spasticity, Babinski
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Loss of Lower Motor Neurons
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Atrophy, weakness, fasiculations
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ALS
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Loss of both lower and upper motor neurons.
Affects men > women in 50's. Mutation in chromosome 21 of SOD1 |
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ALS symptoms
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Early - weakness in hands -> dropping objects, spasticity
Later - Atrophy, fasiculations, pulmonary infectsion (resp muscle weakness) |
