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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mann Act
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Also know as the White Slave Traffic Act
Passed in 1910 the act prohibited interstate and international transportation of a woman for immoral purposes The mann act reflected the growing sentiment that government could improve behavior by restricting it |
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NAACP
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Nation Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Was organized by Du Bois and his allies to use organization to end racial discrimination and obtain voting rights through legal redress to the courts |
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feminism
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a concept that developed in the 1910s as a term to represent the ideas of those who were concerned with women's place in society.
feminists were conscious of thei identity as women, emphasized rights and self-development. |
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What was the contradiction in feminist thought?
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They argued all women should unite to fight their stuggles and shared disadvantages, but on the other hand they insisted that sex typing (treating women different from men) was the cause of their discrimination.
to further that thought, basically the movement was a "women's only movement" (which would imply women treating themselves apart from men) but yet they wanted men and women to not treat each other differently. |
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Charlotte Perkins Gilman
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a major figure of the feminist movement
wrote numerous writings including a book called Women and Economics was about women going and getting jobs and leaving housework for hired help |
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Margaret Sanger
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lead the birth control movement
believed in a woman's right to sexual pleasure and determining when she wants to have a kid. formed the American Birth Control League and published a lot of writings to inform women about contriception |
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Hepburn Act
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(Roosevelt persuaded congress to pass in 1906
gave the Interstate Commerce Commission greater authority to set railroad freight and storage rates, through it did allow courts to overturn rate decisions Roosevelt was all about more government regulation, this act is an example of that. |
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Gifford Pinchot
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a conservationist during the time of Roosevelt that promoted scientific mangament of the nation's woodlands. Was a driving man behind the creation of the US forest service
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William Howard Taft
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the president that followed Roosevelt
his primary issue he had to deal with as a president were high tarriff rates he was known to act cautiously because he didn't want to offend people |
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What did Taft do that was not good in the Progressive's eyes?
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cutting tariff rates
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what did taft do to anger conservationists?
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fired gifford pinchot
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What happened to the progressive party during the time of Taft?
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The progressive wings of the republican party split over tariffs. Some became upset at the apparent lack of Taft to support reformers causes and firing of pinchot.
In the next election, progressives decided to reelect roosevelt to go up against woodrow wilson |
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What was New Nationalism
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an idea that roosevelt coined when he tried to run again for president.
He was about an era of national unity where government would coordinate and regulate economic activity. He wanted to establish regulatory commissions of big business and protect citizen's interests |
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What was New Freedom
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Woodrow Wilson's proposal that argued that concentrated economic power threated individual liberty and monopolies should be broken up so the marketplace oculd become geniunely open.
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Were New Nationalism and New Freedom that different?
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No
Roosevelt and Wilson actually stood on the same ground of many issues equal opportunity conservation of natural resources fair wages social betterment for all (remember that they were running against each other in the presidential election) |
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Clayton Anti-Trust Act
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pushed by Woodrow Wilson in 1914
created the Federal Trade commission corrected deficiencies of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by outlawing price discrimination and interlocking of directorates FTC was a regulatory agency of big business. could investigate companies |
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Federal Reserve Act
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1913 Woodrow
established the nation's first central bancking system since 1836 |
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Underwood Tarriff
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1913 Woodrow
reduced/eliminated certain tariffs to encouraged imports. To compensate for lost $ b/c of lowered tariffs the act levied a graduated income tax on US residents (16th ammendment) |
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Federal Farm Loan Act
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another piece of legislation during the time of wilson
created twelve federally supported banks that could lend money at moderate interest to farmers who belonged to credit institutions Farmers could borrow up to 50% of the value of their land and 20% of the value of their improvements. this act furthered Wilson's policy against trusts and big business because by providing these small farmers and business men with competitive loans the small business men could now compete with big business, thus decreasing the risk of a massive trust and monopoly dominating any single market. |
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Adamson Act
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Woodrow 1916
mandated 8 hour workdays and tiem and 1/2 overitme pay for railroad laborers |
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foreign policy elite
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opinion leaders in politics, journalism, business, agriculture, religion, education and the military
these individuals usually dominated the making of foreign policy -urged imperialism |
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what did the foreign policy elite believe in?
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that selling, buying and investing in foreign marketplaces were important to the united states.
reasons? -profits -american markets produced more than was consumed by americans |
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William Seward
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was a senator of New York and secretary of state that strongly advocated for American frontier expansion overseas.
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What was Sewar'ds vision for America?
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to be an empire encompassing Canada, Carribean, Cuba, Central America, Mexico, Hawaii, Iceland, Greenland, and the Pacific Islands.
he believed that this would be established though a natural process of gravitation towards the US. He thought that commerce, a canal across Central America, and a trascontinental railroad, and national telegraph system would accomplish this. |
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How sucessful was Seward's plan?
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Not very successful
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What was "Seward's folly"?
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Paying Russia 7.2 milliion for Alaska
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What was successful under Seward?
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the establishment of international communications via telegraph
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Alfred Mahan
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populizer of the "New Navy" which argued for a bigger, modernized navy, adding the "blue water" command of the seas to its traditional role of "brown water" coastline defense and riverline operations.
-he argued that a nation needed a big navy for protect shipping and to do that it needed colonial bases |
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Venezuelan Crisis
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Venezula and Great Britian has been fighting over the border between Venezuela and British Guiana. The territory in question had a lot of gold deposits. Venezuela asked President Cleveland for help and eventually the American secretary of state lectured Britian on the Monroe Doctrine prohibitng european powers from denying self-government to nations in the Western Hemisphere.
As a result, the British retreated from the crisis because they wanted to have more international friends than Germany. |
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What happened to the Phillipines right after they became
"property" of America after the Spanish-American War? |
Emilio Aguinaldo, the philippine nationalist leader thought that America would give the country independence, but instead they kicked him out and wouldn't let him make any decisions
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how did american soliders treat philippinos
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not well
burned villages tortured ppl ruined food supply to starve rebels made ppl live in designated zones |
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what group lead the philippine insurrection?
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moro province
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what happened after the philippine insurrection ended?
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the US tried to americanize them
-new education system w/ english as the main language |
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when did the US let go of the phillippines?
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in 1946 after WWII
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What did Secretary of State John Hay want for America in China?
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protection of american commerce and missionaries
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What was proposed to protect american investment in china?
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Oopen door policy which meant the US was seeking for trade rights for free
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What were Boxers
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a chinese secret society that incited riots that killed foreigners
sought to expel foreigners |
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what were the down sides of an open door market
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the US used the lowered barriers to international commerce as a means to dominate foreign markets.
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What was the Open Door ideology?
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1-america's domestic well-being required exports
2-foreign trade would suffer interruptiong unless the US intervened abroad to implant American principles and keep markets open 3-closing any area to American products, citizens, or ideas threated the survival of the US |
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What role did Teddy Roosevelt play in shaping US foreign policy?
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a large role
he was the assistant secretary of th navy under the McKinley administration he worked tirelessly to make the US a "key member of the great power club." -he was obssessed with power and killing things -he believed in the importance of using american power to shape world affairs |
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TR's (Teddy Roosevelt) world
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one of civilized and uncivilized nations
civilized has the right and a duty to intervene in the affairs of the uncivilized to preserved order and stability |
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Roosevelt and presidential power
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He believed that the president should be the chief of foreign policy making
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What role did the US have in Cuba after its destructive war?
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corporations dominated the island's economy and private investments increased greatly
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Teller Amendment
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outlawed the annexation of Cuba
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US/Cuba and voting policy
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Us only allowed propertied Cuban males to vote
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Platt Amendment
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prohibited Cuba from making a treaty with another nation that might impair its indepences (ie all treaties needed to be approved by the US)
it also required the placement of Guantanamo Bay naval base |
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What happened in order to make the building of the Panama Canal possible?
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US make Clayton-Bulwer Treaty w/ Britian that provided joint control of the canal; however, later when they realized thier control was diminishing gave it to the US in the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty.
-When Colombians didn't want to meet American terms, Roosevelt encouraged Panamanian rebels to declare independance Panama and the US made a treaty where Panama got its independence if the Us got control of the canal |
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What declaration provided the rationale for US intervention in Latin America
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The Roosevelt Corollary of the Monroe Doctrine
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What was the Roosevelt Corollary?
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It essentially stated that if another nation is doing some "wrong doing" that the US has international policing power to fix it
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Describe US-Mexico relations
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US was heavily invested there and controlled a large portion of the markets by the early 20th century.
-Mexicans tried to reclaim their independance from the US but it turned into a civil war. The US tried to gain control, but eventually left. |
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Taft-Katsura Agreement
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US conceded Japanes hegemony over Korea in retun for Japan's pledge not to undermine the US position in the phillippines
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Dollar diplomacy
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the use of private funds to serve american diplomatic goals and at the same time garner profits for american financiers.
ex: taft induced american bankers to join an internation consortium to build a railway in China |
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Anglo-American relations around WWI
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Britain and US started being buddies primarily because Britain wanted them as an ally against Germany
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Bolshevik Revolution
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November 1917 socialist Lenin overthrew the Russian liberal-democratic government.
Lenins goals were to end capitalism and start a global revolution where workers would sweep away the imperialist order. |
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War Industries Board
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a committee/agency that oversaw governmetal relations with private business during WWI.
Headed by Bernard Baruch -The WIB coordinated the national economy by making purchases, allocating supplies and fixing prices at levesl that businesses requested. They also called for a standardization of goods to save materials and streamline production |
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Committee on Public Information
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formed in April 1917 by Woodrow Wilson. Lead by progressive journalist George Creel
-employed nation's top writers to shape public opinion. -tried to get ppl to be patriotic -encourage anti-German mindset |
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Espionage Act
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outlawed statements designed to impeded the draft or promote military insubordination, and it banned the mailing of material deemed as treasonous
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League of Nations
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the league would have power over all disputes between nations
the organization would have an influential council of 5 permanent members and elected delegates from smaller states, an assembly of all member, and a World court |
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what were criticisms of the League of Nations
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the league's structure did not adequately protect US interests
it would perpetuate empire limits amreicna freedom of action in world affairs question: would the us be obligated to use armed forced to ensure collective security? |
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Why did germany refuse to agree to the league of nations
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it gave up a large portion of german territory, along with 10 percent of its population, all of its colonies, and a large chunk of its national weatlh
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reasons for the League of nations
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give US leadership in the world
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What were factors that led to the downfall of the league of nations
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-Wilson being a hypocrit:
-he conceded shandong to japan -killed a provision affirming the racial equality of all ppl -treaty not mention freedom of seas -tariffs wouldn't be reduced |
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Why did the league of nations fail?
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primarily because American spreferred their traditional non-alignment and freedom ofchoice over binding commitments to collective action
they still wanted to be imperialists |
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How did WWI change American's world position
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-world's economic power
-went from a debtor to a creditor nation -stronger military |
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How did WWI change the international system
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it became unstable and fragmented
communism became a disruptive force decolonization central and eastern Europe weak German imbitterment about the peace settlement |
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Gore-McLemore Resolution
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This resolution would have banned Americans from traveling on potentially endangered armed ships. However, Wilson did not support this resolution and it was defeated in Congress. This showed that the U.S. may have been looking for a confrontation with Germany.
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Henry Cabot Lodge
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led Senate opposition against the League of Nations. He packed the Foreign Relations Committee with critics of it and prolonged public hearings.
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Zimmermann Telegram
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British intelligence intercepted the telegram from German foriegn secretary Arthur Zimmermann to the German minister in mexico. It said that if mexico joined a military alliance against the US, germany would help mexico regain its lost territories (part of which included territory in the US)
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the "new" Ku Klux Klan
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vowed to protect female purity as well as racial and ethnic purity.
brought back the white hoods, and intimidation tactics "Native, white, Protestant supremacy" against immigration they used violence against not only racial minorities, but supposed bootleggers, wife beaters, and adulterers. Forced school to adopt biblical principles *women branch started |
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immigration quotas
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the government set how many ppl of certain ethnic backgrounds or emigrating nations were allowed in each year
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National Origins Act
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restricted the influx of immigrants to 150,000 ppl by setting quotas at 2 percent of each nationality residing in the US, except for Asians who were banned completely
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What resulted from the National Origins Act?
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because of the immigration quotas instated the number of eastern and southern european immigrants fell significantly (84 percent) and also nortern and western did too, but not by as much.
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What became the largest immigrant group after the national origins act?
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canada
mexico puerto rico |
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Sacco Vanzetti Case
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Two Italian immigrants who were anarchists were charged of killing a guard in an armed robbery that they didn't commit. They were basically accused of it because of their beliefs. Although innocent, they were put to death
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Christian Fundamentalism
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wanted "spiritual purity"
thought that protestant "liberal" interpretation of the bible was bad convinced that evolution was wrong TAKE THE BIBLE LITERALLY |
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Scopes Trial
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case that was fundamentalism vs. liberalism
law was passed forbidded teaching evolution John Scopes became a "test case" for the law, violated it, so that it could be brought before the Supreme Court. Scopes was convicted of violating the law, but ultimately "modernists" won as fundamentatlism was shot down as illogical |
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How did Americans try to save "old-fashioned" religious values?
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advertising that the old way was good (fundamentalist)
elaborated staged services broadcasted on radio using charismatic preachers to bring about revival |
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what were some new fads of "play" in the 1920s
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mahjong
mini golf crossowrd puzzles dance jazz |
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Charles Lindbergh
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made a transatlantic flight
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What drew people to watching movies
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color and sound was developed
film became less about art and more about pure entertainment slap-stick was popular |
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Why were did spectator sports rise in the 1920s
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it provided the unpredictability and the drama that ppl craved
(news magnified the tension as press coverage of sports increased) |
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Who became America's heroes during the 920s
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sports stars
movie stars |
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prohibition
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18th amendmetn passed by congress that outlawed alcohol
however, they didn't enforce it well due to lack of funding and man labor |
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Al Capone
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a notorious mob leader who seized control of illegal liquor in Chicago
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The Lost Generation
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is a phrase that was coined by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald in his first published novel This Side of Paradise. Often it is used to refer to a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris and other parts of Europe, some after military service in the First World War. People identified with the "Lost Generation" include authors and poets Ernest Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, Waldo Peirce, and John Dos Passos.
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Harlem Renaissance
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Rising age of the arts for African Americans. A time where African American artists, musicans, and authors skyrocketed
wrote on the "African American" experience and were expressed being pround of their ethnic heritage |
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The Jazz Age
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Jazz roots are in Ragtime and Blues and developed into a musical artform in the 1920s. Predominantly played bye african american musicians at the time, white musicians/band leaders/composeres emerged as well
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What 6 factors lead to the Great Depression?
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stock market crash
declining demand corporate debt stock market speculation international economic troubles failure of federal policies |
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expand on the stock market crash and how it lead to the great depression
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happened in 1929
"black thursday" = day where everyone started selling their stock in a panic to get as much profit as they could before things went down more. what resulted was that people that bought stock on margin lost everything and was in debt. large bankers/business men that had the majority of their money invested in stock became broke. banks ran out of money because no one had $ to pay back their loans and ppl were demanding for their money |
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expand on declining demand in relation to the beginning of the great depression
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demand new housing had gone down which lead to decline in need for building materials
demand for new appliances declined farm prices sagged widening divisions of income distribution |
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expand on corporate debt in relation to the beginning of the great depression
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companies were too eager to increase their profits and ultimately overloaded themselves with debt
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expand on stock market speculation in relation to the beginning of the great depression
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definition of speculation: involves the buying, holding, selling, and short-selling of stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, collectibles, real estate, derivatives, or any valuable financial instrument to profit from fluctuations in its price as opposed to buying it for use or for income via methods such as dividends or interest.
corporations had invested huge sums in stocks individuals bought on heavy margins (meaning they bought stock by placing a down payment of only a fraction of the stock's actual price) this lead to a problem when the stock market fell, ppl who bought on the margin were asked to pay in full which lead to individuals drawing out their bank accounts --> less money in banks so they pressured ppl to pay loans |
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expand on international economic troubles in relation to the beginning of the great depression
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European markets began to do less business with American markets because of high tarriffs and americans wanting to invest in their own economy more
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expand on failure of federal policies in relation to the beginning of the great depression
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gov didn't regulate speculation
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What were the goals of the committee of public information
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unity of pluralistic support for the war
support for the troops and men support war bonds and limit consumption restrain ppl from being anti-war |
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what were ways of appealing to Americans in WWI propaganda?
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pride
patriotism sense of duty chosen/needed masculinity sacrifices (like make a sacrifice for your country and you'll be awesome) religion gender ethnicity fear hatred shame of staying home |
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what were some consequences of the committe?
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-most americans supported the war
-government engaged in horrible civil rights abuses -discrimination increased against Germans -1st Red Scare -fear of radical ideas -anti-immigrant laws |
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What was the idea of the scope and responsibilities of govnernment for American during 1865-1914
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idea of a necessity to expand both domestically by intervening in the economy/providing for well being of people, and also internationally
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T/F The US was in complete isolation before the changes in American policy in the late 19th century
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FALSE
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Why did america have a tradition of opposition to colonialism?
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because america itself was once a colony
supposedly supported central amreican revolutions b/c of that principle |
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expansionism
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outward movement of goods, ships, dollars, people and ideas
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what was the #1 missonary field for america during the late 19th century
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china
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imperialism
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imposition of control over other ppl, undermining their sovereignty so that they lose the freedom to make their own decisions
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what are types of formal imperialism?
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annexation, political rule, military occupation
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what are types of informal imperialism
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economic domination, political manipulaiton, threat of intervention
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what are the motives and ideologies behind imperialism?
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-benefitting "uncivilized" ppl
-gain political/strategic advantage (ie: power, military bases, etc.) -missionary imulse -national pride (more territory = naitonal strength) -Social Darwinism -Overproduction needed foreign markets to sell to |
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What were the motives and ideologies behind anti-imperialism?
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losing jobs
corruption (clean up our own house first) violating declaration of independence US tainted by other ideas in other nations we're spread too thin |
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What were characteristics that defined the "New Woman" as advertized
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plays sports
smokes slim educated/intelligent/sophisticated boyish figure travels/adventursome business woman-breaking th barriers of employment successful physical beauty (flawless complexion) |
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What was the reality for most women during the 1920s in comparison to the idea of the "New Woman"
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most gender and family roles didn't change for most women
more women were interested in earning a living (more married women worked) most women received ultimate happiness from being a wife and mother expectation for women to be more morally upright than men most women stayed in segregated vocations |
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Did use of birth control increase or decrease in the 1920s
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increased but only slightly
mostly used for married couples |
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During the 1920s how was a woman's income viewed?
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as a supplement to the man's wages
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Women on average received what kind of wages in comparison to men?
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about 2/3 of the pay that men received (for an equal task)
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What was the male attitude towards women during the 1920s
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overall that women were still irrational and emotional
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Who is William Seward?
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the secretary of state under lincoln and then andrew johnson.
under johnson he bought alaska "seward's folly" |
